Biogen research and medicine for Alzheimer's Disease

Biogen is a major biotechnology company working on Alzheimer's disease, a condition that affects memory and thinking skills. Their goal is to slow down memory loss, find better ways to detect Alzheimer's early, and develop more effective treatments.

Biogen is targeting two primary factors contributing to Alzheimer's disease in the brain:

• Amyloid plaques: These are abnormal protein deposits that accumulate between brain cells.

• Tau tangles: These are tangled clumps of a protein called tau that form inside brain cells.

Biogen is trying to tackle these problems with a few different approaches:

• Lecanemab (Leqembi): This medicine reduces amyloid plaques. It's been shown to slow down memory loss a little bit in some people with early Alzheimer's, but it's not a cure and doesn't work the same for everyone.

• Tau treatments: They are also developing an investigational medicine called BIIB113 that aims to prevent tau tangles. This medicine is currently in clinical trials to determine its safety and effectiveness.

• Early detection: Biogen is working with other companies to develop blood tests that can help doctors find Alzheimer's earlier. This could help people get treatment sooner.

More information on Biogen’s research on Alzheimer’s Disease can be found here:

• Video: Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease  

• Website: Alzheimer’s Disease

Detailed information about Leqembi (lecanemab), including how it works and patient experiences, can be found here: 

• Website: Leqembi

Researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine, in collaboration with Cedars-Sinai and UCLA, have developed a groundbreaking acne vaccine that targets a specific enzyme variant produced by acne-causing bacteria. This innovative approach successfully reduces inflammation in a mouse model, paving the way for more precise and less disruptive acne treatments.
Here:
https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/groundbreaking-research-paves-way-acne-vaccine

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Anxiety Disorder

• There are several types of anxiety disorders, including:

  » Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This involves persistent and excessive worry that interferes with daily activities. The worries may focus on everyday things such as job responsibilities, family health, or minor matters such as chores, car repairs, or appointments

  » Panic Disorder: This involves sudden, intense fear that brings on a panic attack. During a panic attack, you may break out in a sweat, have chest pain, and have a pounding heartbeat (palpitations). Sometimes you may feel like you’re choking or having a heart attack.

  » Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): This involves anxiety and other symptoms that occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, serious accident, or violent crime.

  » Social Anxiety Disorder: This involves an intense fear of social situations, such as public speaking, meeting new people, or eating in front of others. This fear can be so severe that it interferes with daily activities.

  » Specific Phobias: These involve an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as heights, flying, or spiders. The fear can be so severe that it interferes with daily activities.

What are Anxiety Disorders?

Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions that cause constant and overwhelming anxiety and fear.  Anxiety is a normal emotion everyone feels occasionally, but anxiety disorders involve more than temporary worry or fear.

Symptoms of anxiety disorders can interfere with daily activities such as job performance, schoolwork, and relationships. They may include restlessness, a sudden feeling of panic and fear, uneasiness, nausea or cramps, sleep-related problems, cold or sweaty hands or feet, numbness in the hands or feet, shortness of breath, increased heart rate, chest pain, dry mouth, hot flashes or chills, sudden trembling, dizziness, avoidance of situations that may cause fear, obsessions and compulsions.

Anxiety disorders most often begin in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The causes are currently unknown, but researchers suspect a combination of factors plays a role, including genetics, brain chemistry, and environmental factors.

However, anxiety disorders are treatable with a number of psychotherapeutic treatments, which help most people lead normal, productive lives.

Trend

• Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health conditions in the US, affecting about 40 million Americans.

• Approximately 30% of women and 23.5% of men in the US have anxiety disorders.

History

Anxiety disorders were only recognized in 1980 by the American Psychiatric Association. Before this recognition, people experiencing one of these disorders usually received a generic diagnosis of ‘stress’ or ‘nerves’.

Sources of Information

• American Medical Association

• American Psychiatric Association

• American Psychological Association

• CalmClinic

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

• Cleveland Clinic

• HealthLine

• HealthyPlace

• Mayo Clinic

• National Institute of Mental Health

• News Medical Life Sciences

• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Growing up in Germany I was diagnosed with Exercise Induced Asthma (EIA). This luckily means that most of the time I'm OK, but I do have breathing issues when it is very cold or when I have a cold. In Germany I was prescribed Aarane (Sanofi) which is an inhaler with combination of Cromoglicic acid and Reprotorol hydrochloride. But then they added some sort of mint flavor.

When my lungs were tight and I inhaled it felt as if my lung size doubled. Maybe it was just the mint flavor, maybe it was for real because of this specific drug combination. But, man, I miss my mint flavored Aarane inhaler and I haven't found anything like it in the US. I don't seem to get the same relieve from the inhalers prescribed in the US (Salmeterol, Albuterol/Budesonide) 

What are your experiences?

My dog has been having stomach issues and went to the vet. I was surprised to hear he could have Addisons disease. I know dogs have adrenal glands but didn't think about the possibility of Addisons! 

Luckily my dog had been feeling better! Here's a picture of him! 

So I have been in a few gatherings with friends and non friends and it seems like more and more people are self diagnosing with ADHD. Some think they do. I wonder why recently. Maybe people just feel like they can't focus on things for long anymore. Does anyone feel the same way?

Cooking in an iron pot or pan can naturally boost your iron intake! Studies show that food cooked in iron cookware absorbs iron from the pan, making everyday meals more nutritious. This is especially helpful since iron deficiency is one of America's most common nutrient shortages. Think of it as a simple kitchen hack - your grandma's old cast iron skillet isn't just good for making the perfect cornbread, it's making your food healthier, too!

The research is from the National Library of Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12859709/ 

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Bipolar disorder

• Manic-depressive illness

What is Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that affects a person's mood, energy, and ability to function. People with bipolar disorder experience episodes of extreme highs, called mania, and extreme lows, called depression. During a manic episode, a person may feel very happy or unusually irritable, have lots of energy, and may do things that are risky or dangerous. These mood swings can affect sleep, energy, activity, judgment, behavior and the ability to think clearly. During a depressive episode, a person may feel sad or hopeless, lose interest or pleasure in most activities, have low energy, and have trouble sleeping or concentrating.

While most people will experience some emotional symptoms between episodes, some may not experience any. Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, it can be managed with medications and psychological counseling.

Trend

• In the United States, about 2.8% of adults have bipolar disorder.

• It is estimated that about 4.4% of people will experience bipolar disorder at some point in their lives.

• In the last five years, the number of people with bipolar disorder is not known. However, it is projected that the number of people with bipolar disorder will increase in the next five years.

History of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder has been recognized for centuries, but it was not until the 20th century that it was formally classified as a mental health condition. The exact causes of bipolar disorder are not known, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and brain chemistry factors.

Source of Information

• American Psychiatric Association

• Cleveland Clinic

• Mayo Clinic

• National Library of Medicine

• SAMHSA – Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Cataracts

What are Cataracts?

Cataracts is a condition that affects the lens of the eye, causing it to become cloudy.  This can lead to symptoms such as clouded or blurred vision, difficulty seeing at night, sensitivity to light and glare, seeing “halos” around lights, and changes in color perception.

Aging, eye injuries, medical conditions like diabetes, and long-term use of certain medications like steroids can cause cataracts.

While cataracts can cause significant vision problems, they are treatable. Today, cataract surgery is a common and generally safe procedure that can restore vision in people with cataracts. The surgery involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with a clear artificial lens.

What are the different types of cataracts:

• Age-related cataracts: These develop due to natural changes in the lens of your eye as you age.

• Traumatic cataracts: These form after serious eye injuries.

• Radiation cataracts: These can be caused by certain types of radiation, such as ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun and radiation treatment for cancer.

• Pediatric cataracts: Children can be born with cataracts (congenital cataracts) or develop them later.

• Secondary cataracts: These develop after cataract surgery due to the formation of scar tissue in the eye, which can make your vision cloudy again. Other names for it are after-cataract or posterior capsule opacification.

Trend

• In the United States, more than half of all Americans over the age of 80 have had cataracts or cataract surgery.

• It is estimated that about 24.4 million Americans over the age of 40 have cataracts.

• The number of people with cataracts is expected to increase in the next five years due to the aging population.

History

Although cataracts have been recognized for centuries, the first successful cataract surgery was not performed until the 18th century.

Cataracts have been recognized for centuries.

• The earliest documented case of a cataract was reported to be in a museum in Cairo that houses a small statue from the 5th dynasty (about 2457-2467 B.C.E.).

• The first successful cataract surgery was performed in the 18th century by Jacques Daviel (1696–1762), a French ophthalmologist.

Source of Information

• Cleveland Clinic

• Johns Hopkins Medicine

• Mayo Clinic

• National Eye Institute

• News Medical Life Sciences

• Ophthalmology Physicians and Surgeons, PC

• The Heart and Brain

• Very Well Health

The diagram is from the Griffey Eye Care & Laser Center 

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Celiac disease

• Celiac sprue

• Coeliac disease

• Gluten-sensitive enteropathy

• Non-tropical sprue

What is Celiac Disease?

Celiac disease is a condition that affects the small intestine when a person eats gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

When a person with celiac disease eats gluten, their immune system attacks the lining of their small intestine, causing damage and making it difficult for the body to absorb nutrients from food. This can lead to symptoms like diarrhea, bloating, and weight loss.

The exact causes of celiac disease are not known, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Celiac disease is a lifelong condition that can be managed by following a gluten-free diet. People who are gluten-free must avoid foods containing wheat, rye, and barley.

Trend

• In the United States, it is estimated that about 1 in 141 people have celiac disease.

• The number of people with celiac disease has increased in recent years, but it is not known how many people have had it in the last five years.

• It is projected that the number of people with celiac disease will continue to increase in the next five years.

History of Celiac Disease

Although the disease has been recognized for centuries, it was not until the 20th century that it was formally classified as a medical condition.

Source of Information

• Celiac Disease Foundation

• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

• Mayo Clinic

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• The condition is called "Depressive Disorder".

• It’s commonly known as "Depression".

What is Depression?

Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and other symptoms such as poor concentration, feelings of guilt, hopelessness, disrupted sleep, and changes in appetite or weight. It can affect all aspects of life, including relationships, work, and school.

Depression can be caused by a combination of social, psychological, and biological factors, and it can lead to significant impairments in daily functioning.

How is Depression Diagnosed?

• Doctors look for symptoms that last for at least two weeks, like feeling sad, losing interest in activities, changes in appetite or sleep, low energy, trouble concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide.

• They might use screening tools like the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) or the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to help diagnose depression.

• Lab tests might be performed to rule out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms, like thyroid problems.

• A clinical interview is often used to assess the severity of depression and to rule out other mental health conditions.

How is Depression Treated?

• Medication: Antidepressants can help balance chemicals in the brain that affect mood.

• Therapy: Talking to a therapist can help change negative thinking patterns and improve coping skills.

• Lifestyle Changes: Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and good sleep habits can make a big difference.

• Support Groups: Connecting with others who have depression can provide emotional support.

• Self-Care: Learning to manage stress, practicing relaxation techniques, and engaging in activities that bring joy can help.

Trend in the United States:

• In 2020, about 1 in 10 Americans experienced depression, and the rate was even higher, around 20%, for teenagers and young adults.

• Among people aged 18-25, almost 1 in 5 had a major depressive episode.

• For teenagers aged 12 to 17, around 5 million had at least one major depressive episode, which is about 20% of the population in that age group.

• In 2021, an estimated 21 million adults in the United States had at least one major depressive episode, which is about 8% of all U.S. adults.

History of Depression:

Depression has been recognized for centuries, but its understanding and treatment have evolved. The modern understanding of depression as a mental disorder has developed through scientific research and clinical observations.

The history of depression treatment includes various approaches such as psychotherapy and medications, and it has been influenced by societal attitudes towards mental health.

Source of Information

• CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

• National Library of Medicine

• National Institute of Mental Health

• World Health Organization

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Cushing's Syndrome: This is the main and most widely used term.

• Hypercortisolism: This term refers to the elevated cortisol levels itself, not the specific syndrome.

• Cushing's disease: This refers specifically to the type of Cushing's syndrome caused by a pituitary tumor, not all types.

What is Cushing's Syndrome?

Cushing's syndrome is a collection of hormonal disorders resulting from high levels of the hormone cortisol. It occurs when the body makes too much cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol, also known as the "stress hormone," helps the body respond to stress, maintain blood pressure, regulate blood sugar, reduce inflammation, and turn the food you eat into energy.

Cushing's syndrome can cause a variety of symptoms, including weight gain, thin arms and legs, a round face, increased fat around the neck, easy bruising, high blood pressure, and mood changes. It can be caused by the long-term use of corticosteroid medications or by tumors in the pituitary or adrenal glands.

Trend in the United States

• Number of people in the US that have it: Estimates vary, ranging from about 40 to 70 people out of every million.

• Five-year projection: The true number of people with Cushing's syndrome may be higher than reported; exact numbers are challenging to determine due to potential underdiagnosis.

• It typically affects people aged 20 to 50 and affects roughly three times as many women as men.

History of Cushing's Syndrome

The understanding of Cushing's syndrome began with discovering the adrenal and pituitary glands in the 16th century. In 1855, Addison described a condition related to the adrenals. In 1912, Harvey Cushing, for whom it is named, identified a patient with high cortisol levels. It took almost 40 years to confirm that this was due to adrenal overactivity. Surgery for Cushing's disease started in the early 1900s but became more widely accepted with improved techniques in the following years.

Source of Information

• Better Health Channel

• Cleveland Clinic

• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

• OHSU Brain Institute

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases

• CLRD

What are Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases?

Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases (CLRD) is a group of lung diseases that cause breathing difficulties and airflow obstruction.

Some of the most common CLRDs include:

  » Asthma: A chronic disease that affects the airways in the lungs, causing recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing due to airway narrowing. It is the most common chronic disease among children.

  » Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A condition that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It affects the airways and causes long-term breathing problems, often due to smoking or exposure to certain chemicals or fumes.

  » Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body. This can lead to severe respiratory problems.

  » Lung Cancer: A type of cancer that starts in the lungs and can cause a range of respiratory symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

  » Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

  » Occupational Lung Diseases: These are respiratory diseases caused by exposure to certain substances in the workplace, such as dust, chemicals, or fumes. Examples include pneumoconiosis and occupational asthma.

  » Pulmonary Hypertension: A type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart. It can cause shortness of breath, dizziness, and chest pain.

Tobacco smoke, air pollution, allergens, and frequent lower respiratory infections during childhood are some of the risk factors for CLRDs.  While these diseases aren’t curable, various forms of treatment can help control symptoms and improve daily life for people living with these conditions.

Trend

• In the US, approximately 16 million people have been diagnosed with COPD, and it is estimated that an additional 16 million have undiagnosed COPD.

• The number of people with CLRD has been increasing over the years. In 2022, the percentage of adults who have ever been diagnosed with COPD, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis was 4.6%.

History of Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases

The history of CLRD dates back to ancient times, with evidence of its existence found in Egyptian mummies. However, it was not until the 19th century that the term "chronic bronchitis" was first used to describe the condition.  In the 20th century, the link between smoking and CLRD was established, leading to a better understanding of the disease and its prevention. Today, CLRD is a major public health issue worldwide.

Source of Information

• American Lung Association

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

• Pan American Health Organization

• Very Well Health

• West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources

• World Health Organization

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By

• Diabetic Retinopathy

• Diabetes-related retinopathy

What is Diabetic Retinopathy?

It’s an eye condition that can lead to vision loss and blindness in people with diabetes.

It affects the blood vessels in the retina and the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. High blood sugar levels due to diabetes can damage the retina's blood vessels, causing them to leak fluid or bleed. This can lead to the growth of abnormal blood vessels, which can further contribute to vision problems.

Types of Diabetic Retinopathy

There are two main types of diabetic retinopathy:

• Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)

• Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)

• NPDR is the early stage of the disease, while PDR is more advanced and can lead to severe vision problems.

Symptoms

In the early stages, diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms. As the condition progresses, symptoms may include:

• Spots or dark strings floating in your vision (floaters)

• Blurred vision

• Fluctuating vision

• Dark or empty areas in your vision

• Vision loss

How is Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosed?

• Dilated fundus exam: Eye doctors check for diabetic retinopathy during a special eye exam. They put drops in your eyes to make your pupils bigger, giving them a better view of the retina.

• Optical coherence tomography (OCT): This imaging test uses light to create detailed cross-sections of the retina, helping to detect early signs of diabetic retinopathy, such as swelling or fluid buildup.

• Fluorescein angiography: This test involves injecting a dye into your arm and taking pictures of your eye's blood vessels. It can help identify leaking blood vessels and other abnormalities.

• Other tests: In some cases, additional tests, such as a visual field test or an electroretinogram, may be needed to assess the extent of vision loss or damage to the retina.

How is Diabetic Retinopathy Treated?

• Controlling blood sugar and blood pressure: This is crucial for preventing the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• Regular eye exams: Annual eye exams are essential for early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

• Laser treatment: This can seal leaking blood vessels and reduce swelling in the retina.

Eye injections: Special eye injections can help stop abnormal blood vessels from growing and reduce fluid buildup.

• Surgery: In advanced cases, surgery may be needed to remove blood or scar tissue from the eye.

Eye drops: Your doctor might prescribe special eye drops to lower eye pressure or treat other eye problems.

Additional Considerations

• Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and quitting smoking can help prevent or slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.

• Genetic factors: Certain genetic factors may increase the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy.

Trend

• In the United States, about 8 million people have diabetic retinopathy, and it's estimated that around 1 million people have had it in the last five years.

• Over the next five years, the number of people with diabetic retinopathy is projected to increase due to the rising prevalence of diabetes.

History of Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy has been a significant concern for individuals with diabetes for many years. As the number of people with diabetes has increased, so has the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy.

Advances in medical understanding and technology have improved the diagnosis and treatment of this condition, helping to reduce the risk of vision loss for many individuals.

Source of Information

• Johns Hopkins Medicine

• Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)

• The Lancet

• Mayo Clinic

• National Eye Institute

• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

How long have you been on Stelara and is it keeping you in remission?

Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By

• Diabetes

• Diabetes Mellitus

There are several forms of diabetes, the most common are:

• Type 1

• Type 2

Other less common forms include:

• Gestational diabetes

• Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

• Neonatal diabetes

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic health condition that affects how the body turns food into energy. When food is consumed, it is broken down into sugar (glucose), which is released into the bloodstream. The pancreas then releases insulin, a hormone that helps move glucose from the blood into the body's cells for energy.

In diabetes, the body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't use it effectively, leading to high blood sugar levels. This can cause serious health problems such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Doctors use different tests to find out if someone has diabetes. Here are the main tests they use:

• A1C Test: This test shows your average blood sugar levels over the last two to three months. You don’t need to fast for this test. If your A1C level is 6.5% or higher, it means you might have diabetes.

• Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Test: For this test, you need to fast (not eat) for at least 8 hours. If your blood sugar level is 126 mg/dL or higher, it suggests diabetes.

• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): After fasting, you drink a sugary drink, and then your blood sugar is tested two hours later. If your level is 200 mg/dL or higher, it indicates diabetes.

• Random Plasma Glucose Test: This test checks your blood sugar at any time, even if you’ve just eaten. If your level is 200 mg/dL or higher and you have symptoms of diabetes, it means you might have the condition.

How is diabetes treated?

Treating diabetes is about keeping blood sugar levels stable. Here are some common ways to manage it:

• Healthy Eating: Eating a balanced diet with lots of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains helps control blood sugar.

• Regular Exercise: Being active helps your body use insulin better and keeps blood sugar levels steady.

• Medications: Some people need medicines or insulin shots to help manage their blood sugar.

• Blood Sugar Monitoring: Checking your blood sugar regularly helps you see how well your treatment works.

• Weight Management: Losing weight, if needed, can help improve blood sugar control and overall health.

• Doctors will suggest different treatments based on the type of diabetes and what each person needs. Working with a healthcare provider is important to find the best plan for you.

Trend

• In the United States, approximately 37.3 million people have diabetes, which is about 11% of the population.

• The number of adults with diabetes has more than doubled in the last 20 years.

• The number of people with diabetes is projected to continue rising.

History of Diabetes

The history of diabetes dates back to ancient times, with the first known mention of the disease occurring around 1500 BCE in ancient Egypt. The term "diabetes" was first coined by Aretaeus of Cappadocia, a Greek physician, in the 2nd century CE.

The understanding and treatment of diabetes have evolved significantly over the centuries, leading to the discovery of insulin (discovered by Frederick Banting and Charles Bes) in the 1920s, revolutionizing the management of the condition.

Source of Information

• CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

• Cleveland Clinic

• Diabetes UK

• Merck Manuals

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

• CFS

• Myalgic Encephalomyelitis

• ME

What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?

It’s a complex and debilitating condition characterized by long-term and disabling fatigue or tiredness. This fatigue is not relieved by rest and can worsen after physical or mental activity, a symptom known as post-exertional malaise (PEM). Other common symptoms include problems with sleep, thinking, and concentrating, pain, dizziness, and muscle or joint pain.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is a fluctuating condition, and its symptoms can change unpredictably in nature and severity over time. Its impact on people’s lives can vary, with some experiencing mild symptoms that allow them to perform light domestic tasks and work or attend school with difficulty, while others may be bed- or house-bound for long periods, unable to perform daily tasks or maintain employment.

The exact cause of the disease isn’t known, but a combination of factors may be involved, including genetics and infections. The disease is most common in people between the ages of 40 and 60; women are affected more often than men.

Trend

• It’s estimated that there are between 836,000 to 2.5 million Americans with it.

• However, please note that these numbers could vary as the condition is often underdiagnosed due to its complex nature and the lack of a definitive diagnostic test.

History of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

19th century: A doctor named George Beard coined the term 'neurasthenia' to describe an illness that mostly affected women and had symptoms similar to ME/CFS.

20th century: There were about 70 outbreaks of ME/CFS during this time, and the illness had many different names. Their unknown cause and similar symptoms linked all of these outbreaks. One of the most important outbreaks happened at the Royal Free Hospital in the United Kingdom, where over 200 staff got sick, and the hospital had to close for a few months. A doctor named Dr. Melvin Ramsay called the illness Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) during this time.

1988: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) created the first description of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) to help researchers study the illness better.

1994: The definition of CFS was changed to include more people, which made it harder to diagnose the illness correctly. Some people also thought that the name "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome" did not show how serious the illness was.

2015: The Institute of Medicine recommended new criteria for diagnosing it that focused on a smaller set of symptoms. They also suggested a new name for the illness, "Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease" (SEID), but it was not widely used.

Present: It is still a poorly understood and controversial illness, with ongoing research and efforts to improve diagnosis and treatment.

Source of Information

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

• Focus Medica

• Mayo Clinic

• MEpedia

• Open Medicine Foundation

• Patient

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Chronic Liver Disease

• CLD

• Cirrhosis

These are some different types of chronic liver disease:

  » Alcoholic liver disease: This is caused by drinking too much alcohol for a long time, and it can lead to liver damage and cirrhosis.

  » Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): This is when fat builds up in the liver, but it's not caused by drinking alcohol. It's the most common type of chronic liver disease in the United States and is linked to obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.

  » Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): This is a more severe form of NAFLD, where there is inflammation and liver cell damage in addition to fat accumulation. NASH can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

  » Hemochromatosis: This is a genetic disorder in which the body absorbs too much iron from the diet, leading to iron overload in the liver and other organs. Over time, this can cause liver damage and cirrhosis.

  » Chronic viral hepatitis: This includes long-term infections with hepatitis B and C viruses, which can cause inflammation and liver damage. Chronic viral hepatitis is a leading cause of liver cancer and liver transplantation.

  » Autoimmune hepatitis: This is when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the liver, causing inflammation and liver damage. It can lead to cirrhosis if not treated.

  » Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC): This is a chronic liver disease where the small bile ducts in the liver are destroyed, leading to bile accumulation and liver damage. PBC is more common in women and is often associated with other autoimmune conditions.

  » Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): This is a chronic liver disease where there is inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. PSC is often associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

What is Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis?

Chronic liver disease is a long-term condition where the liver gets worse over time. The liver is an important organ that helps with digestion, makes proteins, and removes harmful substances in the body.

Cirrhosis is a serious stage of chronic liver disease where the liver becomes scarred and can't work properly anymore. However, not all cases of chronic liver disease progress to cirrhosis.

People with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis may experience symptoms like fatigue, weight loss, and yellow skin or eyes. They may also have problems with their digestion, like feeling sick or having a swollen belly. Some people may experience bleeding or bruising easily, or their legs and feet may swell up.

Trend

• In the United States, about 4.5 million adults have chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. This is about 1.8% of all adults.

• About 35,000 people die from chronic liver disease and cirrhosis each year in the United States. Cirrhosis is the ninth leading cause of death in the country.

• The number of people with a type of chronic liver disease called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is going up. It is estimated that by 2030, NAFLD will be the main reason why people need a liver transplant in the United States.

History of Chronic Liver Disease

The history of chronic liver disease goes way back. People have known about it for thousands of years. Ancient doctors could tell if someone’s liver was hurt by looking at their skin and eyes. If they were yellow, it was a sign that the liver was in trouble. This is still a symptom we look for today.

Source of Information

• Better Health Channel

• Johns Hopkins Medicine

• Mayo Clinic

• Medical Xpress

• MedlinePlus

• Mount Sinai - New York

• NCBI Bookshelf

• News Medical Lifesciences; Azo Network

• Springer Nature Limited

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

What are people using to treat infantile eczema?

Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By

• Erectile dysfunction

• ED as an information nickname

• Impotence

What is Erectile Dysfunction?

Erectile dysfunction is when a man has trouble getting or keeping an erection that's firm enough for sex.

It can be an occasional problem or a persistent issue. Many factors can contribute to erectile dysfunction, including physical conditions like heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and tobacco use. It can also be caused by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression. Sometimes, a combination of physical and psychological issues can lead to erectile dysfunction.

This condition can cause stress, affect self-confidence, and strain relationships.

Trend In the United States

• It's estimated that over 30 million men have erectile dysfunction.

• Over the next five years, there is a projected increase in the number of individuals affected by erectile dysfunction due to factors such as an aging population and lifestyle changes.

History of Epilepsy

Erectile dysfunction has been a concern for men for a long time. In the past, it was often not well understood, and men may have felt embarrassed to talk about it. However, in recent years, there has been more awareness and understanding of the condition.

Treatments for erectile dysfunction have also improved, including medications, counseling, and other therapies. Men need to know that they are not alone in experiencing this condition and that effective treatments are available.

Source of Information

• Cleveland Clinic

• Urology Care Foundation

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By

• Eating disorders

It includes various specific disorders, such as

• Anorexia nervosa

• Bulimia nervosa

• Binge eating disorder.

What is Eating Disorders?

Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions characterized by unhealthy eating habits and a preoccupation with body weight and shape.

Anorexia nervosa involves self-starvation and extreme weight loss, bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating followed by purging, and binge eating disorder involves consuming large amounts of food in a short period.

These disorders can have severe physical and emotional effects and can be life-threatening if not treated.

Trend In the United States

• It's estimated that 20 million women and 10 million men will have an eating disorder at some point in their lives.

• Over the last five years, the number of people affected by eating disorders has been significant, and there is a projection that this number may continue to rise due to various factors such as societal pressure, media influence, genetic predisposition, mental health conditions, and family history.

History of Eating Disorders

Eating disorders have a long history, with evidence of disordered eating behaviors dating back to ancient times. The understanding and treatment of eating disorders have evolved over the centuries.

In the 20th century, there were significant shifts in the medical and psychological understanding of these conditions, leading to the recognition of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder as distinct mental health conditions.

Treatment approaches have also advanced, moving from a purely medical focus to a more holistic model that addresses psychological, nutritional, and medical aspects of the disorders.

Source of Information

• Eating Recovery Center

• The Recovery Village

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By

• Endometriosis

• It’s also known as "endo" as an informal nickname

What is Endometriosis?

Endometriosis is a problem where tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus (womb) grows outside where it shouldn't be. Normally, this tissue only grows inside the uterus and sheds during a period. But with endometriosis, it can grow on organs like the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or even in other parts of the body.

This misplaced tissue acts like it would inside the uterus - it thickens, breaks down, and bleeds with each menstrual cycle. But because it's not where it's supposed to be, it can cause pain, inflammation, and sometimes form scar tissue.

Endometriosis can cause different problems for different people. Some might have really painful periods or pain during sex. Others might have trouble getting pregnant. The severity can vary a lot - some people might barely notice it, while others might have pain so bad it interferes with their daily life.

It's a chronic condition, which means it's long-lasting, and there's no cure yet. However, there are ways to manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for those who have it.

How is it diagnosed?

• Talking to a doctor about symptoms
• Physical exam, including a pelvic exam
• Ultrasound imaging to look for cysts or other signs
• MRI scan for a more detailed look
• Laparoscopy - a minor surgery where a doctor looks inside the belly with a camera
• Sometimes, taking a small tissue sample (biopsy) during laparoscopy

How is it treated?

• Pain medications like ibuprofen
• Hormone treatments (like birth control pills) to control menstrual cycles
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) medicines to lower estrogen
• Surgery to remove endometriosis tissue
• In severe cases, surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy)
• Lifestyle changes like exercise and diet adjustments
• Alternative therapies like acupuncture (though more research is needed)

Trend
• In the United States, about 6.5 million women have endometriosis
• Exact numbers for the last five years aren't available, but it's thought to affect about 10% of women during their reproductive years
• Five-year projection: The number is expected to stay about the same or increase slightly as awareness grows

History
Endometriosis has probably been around for a long time, but it wasn't well understood until recently.

In 1860, a doctor named Karl von Rokitansky first described seeing endometrial tissue outside the uterus. But it wasn't until the 1920s that doctors started to really study it.

John A. Sampson, an American gynecologist, came up with theories about how it might develop and gave it the name "endometriosis." Since then, our understanding has grown a lot, but there's still much to learn about what causes it and how best to treat it.

Source of Information

• Cleveland Clinic

• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information

• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health

• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office on Woman’s Health (OASH)

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By

• Epilepsy

• Seizure disorder

What is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes recurring seizures.

Seizures are like electrical storms inside the brain, resulting from abnormal electrical brain activity. These seizures can cause a variety of symptoms, such as temporary confusion, staring spells, stiff muscles, uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs, loss of consciousness, and psychological symptoms like fear, anxiety, or deja vu.

There are many types of epilepsy, and they can affect people in different ways. Some people may have periods of unusual behaviors and feelings, while others may experience a loss of awareness during a seizure.

Seizures can be caused by genetics, stroke, tumors, infections, and brain injury, but often their cause is unknown. Common seizure triggers include sleep deprivation, stress, flashing lights, or alcohol withdrawal.

The condition can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including neurological exams, blood tests, EEG, CT scans, and brain imaging.

While there is no cure for epilepsy, most people with the condition can control their seizures with medication or other treatments and can live full and productive lives. Some people may require lifelong treatment, while others may outgrow the condition with age.

Trend In the United States

• It affects people of all genders, races, ethnicities, and ages. Around 3 million people have epilepsy.

• Over the next five years, there is a projected increase in the number of individuals affected by epilepsy due to enhanced awareness, early diagnosis, and better management.

History of Epilepsy

The history of epilepsy dates back to ancient times, with early mentions in Mesopotamian clay tablets around 4000 BC and Egyptian documentation around 1500 BC attributing symptoms to demonic possession or divine punishment.

In Greek and Roman times, Hippocrates revolutionized the understanding of epilepsy by proposing its origin in the brain, marking a shift towards a more scientific approach. However, during the Middle Ages, from 500-1500 AD, fear and superstition prevailed, leading to the stigmatization of individuals with epilepsy.

The Renaissance (14th-17th centuries) brought renewed interest in science and medicine, which focused on the brain rather than supernatural causes.

Progress continued in the 18th and 19th centuries with the discovery of the first effective epilepsy medication, potassium bromide.

In the modern era (20th and 21st centuries), advancements like EEG technology improved diagnosis and classification, revealing that epilepsy can have various causes. Today, ongoing research and evolving treatments offer hope for managing epilepsy effectively, highlighting the legacy of progress in understanding and treating this neurological condition.

Source of Information

• Epilepsy Foundation

• Mayo Clinic

• NYU Langone

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease

• GERD (an acronym for the full name)

• Acid reflux

What is GERD?

GERD is a common condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and coughing.

It is a chronic digestive disease that occurs when stomach acid or, occasionally, stomach content flows back into the esophagus. This backwash of acid irritates the esophagus's lining, leading to symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing.

Trend In the United States

• GERD is estimated to affect between 18.1% to 27.8% of the population.

• The prevalence of GERD is slightly higher in men compared to women.

History of GERD

The history of GERD can be traced back to ancient times, with descriptions of heartburn and acid reflux appearing in medical texts from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

In the 16th century, the Swiss physician Paracelsus wrote about treating heartburn with antacids. In the 19th century, the French physician Pierre Robin described the use of a tube to measure the stomach's acidity.

In the 20th century, advances in medical technology led to the development of new diagnostic tests and treatments for GERD, including medications to reduce stomach acid production and surgical procedures to repair the lower esophageal sphincter.

Today, GERD is a common condition that can be managed with a combination of lifestyle changes, medication, and, in some cases, surgery.

Source of Information

• IntechOpen

• Johns Hopkins Medicine

• Medscape

• National Center for Biotechnology Information

• PubMed Central

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Hi, I've had gout for several years. Recently, the bottom of my toes on my affected foot have been burning. Is part of the disease?

Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By

• Glaucoma

• An informal nickname for it is, “sneak thief of vision”

What is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging the optic nerve in the eye. The most common type in the United States is called open-angle glaucoma, which often has no early symptoms. Over time, it can lead to loss of side (peripheral) vision, blind spots, and eventually blindness. There are other less common types, such as angle-closure glaucoma and congenital glaucoma.

Trend In the United States

• Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness for people over 60 years old.

• It's estimated that over 3 million Americans have glaucoma, but half of them may not know they have it because it often has no early symptoms.

History of Glaucoma

The history of glaucoma can be traced back to ancient times, with descriptions of the condition appearing in medical texts from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

In the 17th century, the English physician Richard Banister wrote about treating glaucoma with bloodletting and purging. In the 19th century, the German physician Albrecht von Graefe developed a surgical procedure to treat glaucoma by creating an opening in the eye to drain excess fluid.

In the 20th century, advances in medical technology led to the development of new diagnostic tests and treatments for glaucoma, including medications to reduce eye pressure, laser procedures, and minimally invasive surgical techniques.

Today, early detection and treatment of glaucoma can help prevent vision loss and blindness.

Source of Information

• American Academy of Ophthalmology

• Mayo Clinic

• National Eye Institute

• WebMD

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Hypothyroidism

• Underactive thyroid

• Low thyroid

What is hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones for the body's needs. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck that produces hormones that control how your body uses energy. Many body functions slow down when the thyroid doesn't make enough hormones.

Some common symptoms of hypothyroidism include:

• Feeling tired or having low energy

• Gaining weight

• Feeling cold

• Dry skin and hair

• Constipation

• Depression

• Muscle weakness

• Joint or muscle pain

• Slowed heart rate

Hypothyroidism can be caused by different things, but the most common cause is an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In this condition, the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to make less hormone. Other causes can include certain medications, radiation therapy, thyroid surgery, or insufficient iodine in your diet.

Doctors diagnose hypothyroidism with blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels. The main treatment for hypothyroidism is taking a daily pill that contains synthetic thyroid hormone. This medicine, called levothyroxine, replaces the hormone your thyroid isn't making. Most people with hypothyroidism need to take this medication for the rest of their lives.

It's important to take the right amount of thyroid hormone. Too little will not properly treat hypothyroidism, while too much can cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Regular blood tests help doctors adjust the dose as needed. Living with hypothyroidism usually means taking daily medication and having regular check-ups with your doctor. With proper treatment, most people with hypothyroidism can live normal, healthy lives.

Trend
• In the United States, about 5 out of 100 people aged 12 years and older have hypothyroidism. This means approximately 16.5 million Americans have the condition.

• Women are more likely to have hypothyroidism than men, and the risk increases with age.

• Over the last five years, the number of people diagnosed with hypothyroidism has remained relatively stable. However, some experts believe many cases go undiagnosed, so the actual number could be higher.

• Looking ahead to the next five years, the number of people with hypothyroidism is expected to increase slightly. This is partly due to an aging population and improved diagnostic techniques. However, the increase is not expected to be dramatic.

History
The thyroid gland and its functions were first described in the 1600s, but it wasn't until the late 1800s that doctors began to understand thyroid disorders. In 1883, a surgeon named Theodor Kocher noticed that removing the entire thyroid gland led to symptoms we now recognize as hypothyroidism.

In the early 1900s, researchers discovered that giving thyroid extract to patients with hypothyroidism could treat their symptoms. This was a major breakthrough in treating the condition. In the 1950s, scientists developed synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine), which is still the standard treatment.

Over the years, blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels have become more accurate, allowing for earlier and more precise diagnoses of hypothyroidism. Today, research continues to improve our understanding of thyroid function and to develop new treatments for thyroid disorders.

Source of Information

• American Thyroid Association

• Mayo Clinic

• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By

• Gallstones

• Cholelithiasis

What are Gallstones?

Gallstones are hardened pieces of digestive fluid that form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small organ under the liver that stores bile, a fluid made in the liver to help digestion.

Gallstones can range in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball and can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or a combination of both. They can cause symptoms when they block the flow of bile from the gallbladder, leading to severe pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Some people with gallstones may not experience symptoms, which are called "silent stones".

How are gallstones diagnosed?

Doctors use different tests to see if someone has gallstones. The tests they choose can depend on the person’s symptoms and medical history:

• Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to take pictures of the inside of your body. It helps doctors see if there are gallstones in the gallbladder.

• Cholecystography: This is an X-ray test. Doctors use a special dye to see how well the gallbladder is working and if there are stones blocking it.

• Blood tests: These tests look for signs of infection or problems with the liver or pancreas, which can happen if gallstones are causing issues.

• CT scan: A CT scan takes detailed pictures of the inside of the body. It can show gallstones and any problems they might be causing.

• ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography): This is a special procedure where a thin tube with a camera is used to look at the bile ducts. Doctors can inject dye to see if there are any blockages.

How are gallstones treated?

Treatment for gallstones depends on whether they are causing pain or other problems. New treatments may be available, so it’s good to check with a doctor:

• Observation: If gallstones aren’t causing any symptoms, doctors might just watch and wait, since treatment may not be needed.

• Medications: Some medicines can help dissolve certain types of gallstones, but this isn’t always the best option.

• Surgery (Cholecystectomy): If gallstones cause problems, the most common treatment is to remove the gallbladder through surgery. This can be done with small cuts (laparoscopic surgery) or a larger cut (open surgery).

• Endoscopic procedures: If a stone gets stuck in the bile duct, doctors might use ERCP to remove it.

• Lifestyle changes: Doctors may suggest changes in diet and exercise to help prevent gallstones from coming back.

• It’s important to remember that the best treatment for someone will depend on their specific situation. If you have health concerns, it’s always best to talk to a doctor for advice that’s right for you.

Trend

• In the United States, gallstones are common, especially in women and people assigned female at birth.

• It is estimated that over 20 million adults in the U.S. have gallstones.

• It is more common in people assigned female at birth and those older than 40.

History of Gallstones

The history of gallstones dates back to ancient times, with evidence of gallstones found in Egyptian mummies.

The Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the 4th century BC, wrote about the symptoms of gallstones and their treatment.

In the 19th century, surgical removal of the gallbladder, known as cholecystectomy, became a common treatment for gallstones.

Today, several treatment options are available for gallstones, including medication, dietary changes, and minimally invasive surgical procedures.

Source of Information

• Cleveland Clinic

• Johns Hopkins Medicine

• Mayo Clinic

• Penn Medicine

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Hypertension
• High blood pressure
• Raised blood pressure
What is Hypertension?
Hypertension is a condition where the pressure of blood in your blood vessels is consistently too high.
Imagine your blood vessels as pipes and your blood as water flowing through them. In hypertension, the
water pushes against the pipes with too much force.
Blood pressure is measured using two numbers. The first number (systolic) is the pressure when your
heart beats and pushes blood out. The second number (diastolic) is the pressure when your heart rests
between beats. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mm Hg. Hypertension is generally defined as
blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg or higher.
Many people with hypertension don't feel any symptoms, which is why it's often called a "silent killer." If
left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage.
That's why it's important to have your blood pressure checked regularly.
Hypertension can be caused by various factors, including:
• Age (risk increases as you get older)
• Family history
• Being overweight or obese
• Not exercising enough
• Eating too much salt
• Drinking too much alcohol
• Stress
• Certain medical conditions like diabetes
The good news is that hypertension can often be managed or prevented through lifestyle changes such
as:
• Eating a healthy diet with less salt
• Exercising regularly
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Limiting alcohol intake
• Not smoking
• Managing stress
In some cases, medication may be necessary to control blood pressure. Several types of blood pressure
medicines work in different ways, so it's crucial to work with your doctor to find the best treatment plan for
you. Even if you feel fine, high blood pressure can still damage your body, so keeping it under control is
important.
Trend
• In the United States, about 116 million adults (47% of the population) have hypertension.
• This number has increased over the past five years due to changes in how hypertension is defined and
diagnosed.
• Globally, an estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years had hypertension in 2019. This number has
been steadily increasing over the past few decades.
• Looking ahead to the next five years, experts predict that the number of people with hypertension will
continue to rise, both in the U.S. and globally. This is due to factors like population growth, aging
populations, and increasing rates of obesity and sedentary lifestyles.
History
Although the concept of blood pressure has existed since the 18th century, doctors did not start to
understand its importance until the early 20th century. In the 1920s, insurance companies began using
blood pressure measurements to assess health risks.
Over time, our understanding of hypertension and its risks has grown. In the 1960s and 1970s, large
studies showed that treating high blood pressure could prevent heart disease and stroke, leading to more
widespread screening and treatment.

The definition of hypertension has changed over the years as we've learned more. In 2017, guidelines in
the U.S. lowered the threshold for diagnosing hypertension from 140/90 mm Hg to 130/80 mm Hg,
recognizing that lower blood pressure levels can still pose health risks.
Source of Information
• American Heart Association
• Mayo Clinic
• World Health Organization
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus

• HIV

• It was known as GRID (gay-related immune deficiency) in the early 1980s before the virus was fully understood.

What is HIV?

HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells) that help the immune system fight off infections. If left untreated, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can't fight off infections and diseases. This advanced stage of HIV infection is called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

HIV spreads through certain body fluids, most commonly during unprotected sex or by sharing injection drug equipment. It can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. HIV cannot be spread through casual contact like hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food and drinks.

When someone first gets HIV, they might feel like they have the flu. But many people don't have any symptoms at all. Without treatment, HIV weakens the immune system over time, making it harder for the body to fight off infections. The good news is that with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled.

People with HIV who take medicine as prescribed can live long, healthy lives and have effectively no risk of passing HIV to others through sex.

There's no cure for HIV yet, but treatment called antiretroviral therapy (ART) can keep the amount of virus in the body very low. This helps protect the immune system and prevents HIV from progressing to AIDS. People with HIV need to take this medicine every day for it to work effectively. Prevention is also key in fighting HIV. Using condoms during sex, not sharing needles, and taking medicines like PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) if you're at high risk can all help prevent HIV transmission.

Trend
• In the United States, about 1.2 million people are living with HIV.

• In the last five years, approximately 150,000 to 200,000 new HIV diagnoses have been reported in the U.S.

• Looking ahead to the next five years, experts predict that the number of new HIV infections in the U.S. will continue to decrease due to better prevention and treatment methods. However, certain groups remain disproportionately affected, including gay and bisexual men, African Americans, and Hispanics/Latinos.

History
HIV was first identified in 1981 when doctors noticed clusters of rare infections and cancers in young gay men. Initially called GRID, it was renamed AIDS in 1982. In 1983, scientists discovered the virus that causes AIDS, later named HIV.

In the early years, an HIV diagnosis was often a death sentence. But in 1987, the first antiretroviral drug, AZT, was approved. In 1996, a new treatment called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) dramatically improved life expectancy for people with HIV. Over the years, HIV/AIDS became a global epidemic. Awareness increased through public figures like Rock Hudson and Magic Johnson revealing their HIV status.

Today, thanks to advances in treatment and prevention, HIV is a manageable chronic condition for many people, though challenges remain in ensuring access to care and reducing stigma.

Source of Information

• Healthline

• HIV.gov

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It's also known as

• Serum hepatitis

• Type B hepatitis.

What is Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) illness. The virus spreads through contact with infected blood, semen, and other body fluids. It can be passed from a mother to her baby during childbirth.

When someone first gets infected with Hepatitis B, they may have no symptoms at all, or they might feel sick for a few weeks to a few months. This is called Acute Hepatitis B.

Symptoms can include:

• Feeling very tired

• Fever

• Stomach pain

• Loss of appetite

• Nausea and vomiting

• Yellow skin and eyes (jaundice)

• Dark urine

Most adults who get Hepatitis B recover completely and don't need treatment. Their bodies fight off the virus, and they become immune to it. However, some people, especially young children and babies, can't get rid of the virus. When the infection lasts for more than six months, it's called Chronic Hepatitis B.

Chronic Hepatitis B is a serious condition because it can slowly damage the liver over many years without causing obvious symptoms. This can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer.

The good news is that Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. The vaccine is usually given to babies soon after birth, with additional doses over the next few months. It's also recommended for adults who are at risk of getting infected.

For people who already have Chronic Hepatitis B, there are medicines that can help control the virus and reduce the risk of liver damage. Regular check-ups and liver tests are important to monitor the health of the liver.

Trend

The CDC estimates that in the United States:

• Approximately 862,000 people are living with chronic Hepatitis B

• About 20,000 new acute infections occur each year

History

Although Hepatitis B has existed for thousands of years, it was not identified as a specific disease until the 1960s.  Here's a brief timeline:

• 1965: Dr. Baruch Blumberg discovered the hepatitis B surface antigen, which led to identifying the Hepatitis B virus.

• 1969: The first Hepatitis B vaccine was developed but wasn't widely available.

• 1981: The FDA approved a new, safer hepatitis B vaccine from yeast cells.

• 1991: The WHO recommended that all countries include hepatitis B vaccine in their routine immunization programs.

• 1992: The U.S. started recommending hepatitis B vaccination for all infants.

Today: Ongoing research focuses on improving treatments and working towards curing chronic Hepatitis B.

Source of Information

• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

• Cleveland Clinic

• Mayo Clinic

• Mount Sinai

• World Health Organization (WHO)

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Hypothyroidism
• Underactive thyroid
• Low thyroid
What is hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones for the body's
needs. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck that produces hormones
that control how your body uses energy. Many body functions slow down when the thyroid doesn't make
enough hormones.
Some common symptoms of hypothyroidism include:
• Feeling tired or having low energy
• Gaining weight
• Feeling cold
• Dry skin and hair
• Constipation
• Depression
• Muscle weakness
• Joint or muscle pain
• Slowed heart rate
Hypothyroidism can be caused by different things, but the most common cause is an autoimmune
condition called Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In this condition, the body's immune system attacks the thyroid
gland, causing it to make less hormone. Other causes can include certain medications, radiation therapy,
thyroid surgery, or insufficient iodine in your diet.
Doctors diagnose hypothyroidism with blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels. The main
treatment for hypothyroidism is taking a daily pill that contains synthetic thyroid hormone. This medicine,
called levothyroxine, replaces the hormone your thyroid isn't making. Most people with hypothyroidism
need to take this medication for the rest of their lives.
It's important to take the right amount of thyroid hormone. Too little will not properly treat hypothyroidism,
while too much can cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Regular blood tests help
doctors adjust the dose as needed. Living with hypothyroidism usually means taking daily medication and
having regular check-ups with your doctor. With proper treatment, most people with hypothyroidism can
live normal, healthy lives.
Trend
• In the United States, about 5 out of 100 people aged 12 years and older have hypothyroidism. This
means approximately 16.5 million Americans have the condition.
• Women are more likely to have hypothyroidism than men, and the risk increases with age.
• Over the last five years, the number of people diagnosed with hypothyroidism has remained relatively
stable. However, some experts believe many cases go undiagnosed, so the actual number could be
higher.
• Looking ahead to the next five years, the number of people with hypothyroidism is expected to increase
slightly. This is partly due to an aging population and improved diagnostic techniques. However, the
increase is not expected to be dramatic.
History
The thyroid gland and its functions were first described in the 1600s, but it wasn't until the late 1800s that
doctors began to understand thyroid disorders. In 1883, a surgeon named Theodor Kocher noticed that
removing the entire thyroid gland led to symptoms we now recognize as hypothyroidism.
In the early 1900s, researchers discovered that giving thyroid extract to patients with hypothyroidism
could treat their symptoms. This was a major breakthrough in treating the condition. In the 1950s,
scientists developed synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine), which is still the standard treatment.
Over the years, blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels have become more accurate, allowing for
earlier and more precise diagnoses of hypothyroidism. Today, research continues to improve our
understanding of thyroid function and to develop new treatments for thyroid disorders.
Source of Information
• American Thyroid Association

• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Hearing loss

• Deafness

• Hearing impairment

• Hard of hearing

What is Hearing Loss?

Hearing loss is a condition in which a person's ability to hear sounds is reduced. It can range from mild to profound and affects one or both ears. People with hearing loss may struggle to understand speech, follow conversations, or hear certain sounds.

Types of Hearing Loss

Hearing loss can be categorized in a few different ways, depending on the cause, severity, and affected part of the ear. Here are some main types:

• Age-Related Hearing Loss (Presbycusis): This is the most common type of hearing loss in adults. It develops gradually as we age, typically affecting the ability to hear higher-pitched sounds first

• Conductive Hearing Loss: This type occurs when a problem with the outer or middle ear prevents sound waves from being efficiently conducted to the inner ear. Causes include earwax buildup, middle ear infections, or a perforated eardrum. Conductive hearing loss is often treatable with medication or surgery.

• Sensorineural Hearing Loss: This type is caused by damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the auditory nerve. It's a more permanent form of hearing loss and is often age-related (presbycusis) or caused by noise exposure. Treatment options like hearing aids can help manage sensorineural hearing loss.

• Mixed Hearing Loss: This is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

• Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): This is a neurological disorder where the brain has difficulty processing sounds even though the ears themselves function normally.

Degrees of Hearing Loss

Hearing loss can also be categorized by its severity:

• Mild Hearing Loss: Difficulty hearing faint sounds or understanding speech in noisy environments.

• Moderate Hearing Loss: Difficulty following conversations, especially in noisy places.

• Severe Hearing Loss: Difficulty understanding speech even in quiet settings.

• Profound Hearing Loss: Little to no functional hearing.

Impact on Education:

• Children with severe to profound hearing loss may face challenges in academic achievement.

• Early diagnosis and interventions are crucial for language development and academic success.

• Factors like parental education and age of fitting hearing aids influence language skills and academic outcomes.

Trend

• Around 50 million children globally have mild hearing loss.

• Over 5% of the world's population (430 million people) require rehabilitation for hearing loss.

• By age 75, about 81% of individuals experience some degree of age-related hearing loss.

History of Hearing Loss

• Early mentions of hearing loss date back to ancient Egyptian medical texts like the Ebers Papyrus from 1550 BC. In ancient Greece, deafness was associated with a lack of intelligence due to beliefs linking speech and reasoning.

Sign language development traces back to 10th-century French monks who created a language of signs while maintaining their vow of silence.

Source of Information

• National Association of the Deaf

• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

• National Library of Medicine

• World Health Organization

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Heart Disease

• Cardiovascular Disease

• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD); a common type of heart disease

What is Heart Disease?

Heart disease refers to a range of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. The most common type of heart disease is coronary artery disease (CAD), which occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the heart become clogged with plaque, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle. This can result in serious complications like heart attacks and chest pain (angina).

Trend

• Number of People in the US: Heart disease is a significant health concern in the United States, being the leading cause of death. Millions of Americans are affected by various forms of heart disease.

• Number of People Affected in the Last Five Years: Over the past five years, a substantial number of individuals have been diagnosed with heart disease, highlighting its prevalence and impact on public health.

• Five-Year Projection: Projections suggest that the burden of heart disease will continue to be a major health issue in the US, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures and early detection

History of Heart Disease

The history of heart disease dates back centuries, with advancements in medical knowledge and technology significantly improving our understanding and management of this condition. Over time, researchers and healthcare professionals have made remarkable progress in diagnosing, treating, and preventing heart disease.

Historically, heart disease was often misunderstood, leading to limited treatment options and high mortality rates. However, with scientific discoveries and medical breakthroughs, including advancements in surgical techniques and medications, the management of heart disease has evolved significantly.

Today, efforts are focused on raising awareness about risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Public health campaigns emphasize lifestyle modifications like healthy eating habits and regular exercise to reduce the incidence of heart disease.

Through ongoing research and public health initiatives, there is a continuous drive to improve outcomes for individuals living with heart disease and reduce its prevalence in communities worldwide

Source of Information

• Mayo Clinic

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Hepatitis C

• HCV

• Hep C

What is Hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C is a sickness caused by a virus that hurts your liver. It can make you sick for a short time or a long time. It's a serious problem that can slowly damage your liver.

When someone gets Hepatitis C, they might not feel sick right away. Many people don't even know they have it for a long time.

The virus spreads when the blood of someone who has it mixes with another person's blood. This often happens when people share needles to do drugs.

Before 1992, people could also get it from blood transfusions, but now doctors test all donated blood to ensure its safety.

If you don't treat Hepatitis C, it can really damage your liver. It can cause scars in your liver or even liver cancer. The good news is that doctors now have medicines that can cure most people who have Hepatitis C.

Symptoms of Hepatitis C can include:

• Feeling tired all the time

• Fever

• Nausea or feeling sick to your stomach

• Not feeling hungry

• Stomach pain

• Dark urine

• Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice)

• Joint pain

Since many people with Hepatitis C have not had any symptoms for years or even decades, it's important to get tested if you think you might have been exposed to the virus.

Hepatitis C is diagnosed through blood tests. If someone tests positive, they'll need more tests to see how much the virus has affected their liver.

Treatment usually involves taking antiviral medications for 8 to 12 weeks. These new treatments are very effective, with cure rates of over 95% for most people.

Trend

• In the United States, about 2.4 million people are living with Hepatitis C. This number has decreased from previous years due to better treatments and prevention efforts.

• Over the last five years, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 new cases of Hepatitis C have been reported in the U.S.

• Looking ahead to the next five years, experts predict that the number of people with Hepatitis C in the U.S. will continue to decrease. This is because of improved screening, more effective treatments, and efforts to prevent new infections. However, the exact numbers are hard to predict because many people with hepatitis C don't know they have it.

History

Hepatitis C was first identified in the 1970s, but scientists didn't discover the virus that causes it until 1989. Before that, it was known as "non-A, non-B hepatitis" because doctors knew it was different from hepatitis A and B, but they didn't know what caused it.

In the past, hepatitis C was often spread through blood transfusions and organ transplants. However, since 1992, all donated blood in the U.S. has been tested for the virus, making this transmission very rare.

For many years, treating Hepatitis C was difficult. The old treatments had many side effects and weren't very effective. However, in 2013, new medicines called direct-acting antivirals were introduced. These drugs revolutionized hepatitis C treatment, making it possible to cure most people with fewer side effects.

Today, the focus is on finding and treating people who don't know they have Hepatitis C, as well as preventing new infections, especially among people who inject drugs.

Source of Information

• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

• Mayo Clinic

• Medline Plus

• World Health Organization (WHO)

For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Influenza
• Flu
• Seasonal flu to distinguish it from other types of flu, such as avian flu or swine flu
What is Influenza?
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It affects the nose, throat, and
sometimes the lungs. The flu can cause mild to severe illness, and at times, it can lead to death. The flu
is different from a cold. The flu usually comes on suddenly, while a cold develops more gradually.
Common symptoms of the flu include:
• Fever or feeling feverish/chills
• Cough
• Sore throat
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Muscle or body aches
• Headaches
• Fatigue (tiredness)
• Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than adults.
The flu spreads mainly by tiny droplets made when people with the flu cough, sneeze, or talk. These
droplets can land in the mouths or noses of nearby people. Less often, a person might get the flu by
touching a surface or object with the flu virus and then touching their own mouth, nose, or eyes. Most
people who get the flu will recover in a few days to less than two weeks, but some will develop
complications (such as pneumonia) due to the flu, some of which can be life-threatening and result in
death. Pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus infections, and ear infections are examples of complications from the
flu.
The flu can also make chronic health problems worse. For example, people with asthma may experience
asthma attacks while they have the flu, and people with chronic heart disease may experience a
worsening of this condition triggered by the flu.
The best way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year. Flu vaccines cause antibodies to
develop in the body about two weeks after vaccination. These antibodies protect against infection with
the viruses in the vaccine.
Trend
• In the United States, the flu affects millions yearly.
• According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the flu has caused between 9
million and 41 million illnesses, between 140,000 and 710,000 hospitalizations, and between 12,000 and
52,000 deaths annually between 2010 and 2020.
• Over the last five years, the number of flu cases has varied yearly, mainly depending on the flu
vaccine's effectiveness and the virus's circulating strains. For example, during the 2019-2020 flu season,
the CDC estimated about 38 million flu illnesses, 18 million flu-related medical visits, 400,000 flu
hospitalizations, and 22,000 flu deaths.
• Looking ahead to the next five years, experts predict that the number of flu cases will fluctuate annually.
The flu virus changes constantly, so the flu vaccine is updated yearly to protect against the most common
strains. Public health efforts to increase vaccination rates and improve vaccine effectiveness are
ongoing.
History
The flu has been around for centuries, with the first recorded flu pandemic occurring in 1580. The most
famous flu pandemic was the Spanish flu of 1918-1919, which infected about one-third of the world's
population and caused an estimated 50 million deaths worldwide.
Several other flu pandemics occurred in the 20th century, including the Asian flu in 1957, the Hong Kong
flu in 1968, and the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic in 2009. Each of these pandemics was caused by a new
strain of the flu virus to which people had little or no immunity.
The development of the flu vaccine in the 1940s was a major milestone in the fight against the flu. Since
then, annual flu vaccination has become the primary method of preventing flu and its complications.
Public health campaigns continue to promote flu vaccination and other preventive measures, such as
handwashing and covering coughs and sneezes, to reduce the spread of the flu.

Source of Information
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• IBS
• In the past, it has been known by other names like colitis, mucous colitis, spastic colon, nervous colon,
and spastic bowel.
What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a common digestive problem that affects the stomach and intestines. It's a
group of symptoms that happen together, including repeated pain in your belly and changes in your
bowel movements. These changes can be diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is different from other digestive diseases because there's no visible damage or disease in your
digestive tract. It's called a functional disorder, which is related to problems with how your brain and gut
work together. This can make your gut more sensitive and change how the muscles in your bowel move.
There are three main types of IBS:
• IBS with constipation (IBS-C)
• IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D)
• IBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M)
• The most common symptoms of IBS include:
• Belly pain or discomfort
• Changes in how often you have bowel movements
• Changes in how your poop looks
• Bloating
• Gas
• Feeling like you haven't finished a bowel movement
Some people with IBS may also have other health problems like headaches, trouble sleeping, anxiety,
depression, or chronic pain conditions. Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes IBS, but it might be
related to:
• How sensitive your gut nerves are
• Stress or anxiety
• Certain foods
• Infections in your digestive system
• Changes in your gut bacteria
IBS can be frustrating to deal with, but it doesn't cause lasting harm to your intestines or lead to more
serious diseases like cancer. Treatment usually focuses on managing symptoms through diet changes,
stress reduction, and sometimes medication.
Trend
• In the United States, about 12% of people have IBS. This means approximately 25 to 45 million
Americans are affected by IBS.
• IBS is a chronic condition, so many people who have it will continue to experience symptoms over time.
History
IBS has likely affected people for centuries, but it wasn't well understood until recently. In the early
1900s, doctors started recognizing a condition with bowel symptoms but no visible damage to the
intestines. They called it different names, like "spastic colon" or "nervous colon."
In the 1970s, the term "irritable bowel syndrome" became more common. Over time, doctors have
learned more about IBS and how to diagnose and treat it. Today, we know that IBS is a real medical
condition involving complex interactions between the gut and the brain, not just something "all in your
head" as some people used to think.
Source of Information
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Kidney Disease
• Renal Disease
• Nephropathy
What is Kidney Disease?
Kidney disease is when the kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood as well as they should.
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on either side of your spine, just below your rib cage.
They are crucial in removing waste and extra fluid from your blood, balancing minerals and electrolytes,
making hormones that control blood pressure, producing red blood cells, and keeping your bones
healthy.
There are two main types of kidney disease:
• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): This is a long-term condition in which the kidneys gradually lose
function over time. It can be caused by conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure. CKD
progresses through five stages, with the final stage being kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal
disease (ESRD). At this stage, the kidneys can no longer function on their own, and treatment options
include dialysis or a kidney transplant.
• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): This is a sudden loss of kidney function, often caused by an injury, severe
infection, or certain medications. AKI can sometimes be reversed if treated quickly.
Common symptoms of kidney disease include:
• Fatigue and weakness
• Swelling in the ankles, feet, or hands
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea and vomiting
• Trouble sleeping
• Changes in how much you urinate
• Muscle cramps
• Itchy skin
Kidney disease can lead to serious complications, such as high blood pressure, anemia, weak bones,
nerve damage, and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause fluid buildup in the body, leading to
swelling and shortness of breath.
Trend
• In the United States, about 37 million people have chronic kidney disease (CKD). This means
approximately 1 in 7 American adults are affected by CKD.
• However, many people with CKD are not aware they have it because the early stages often have no
symptoms.
• Over the last five years, the number of people diagnosed with CKD has been increasing, partly due to
rising rates of diabetes and high blood pressure, which are major risk factors for kidney disease.
• Projections for the next five years suggest that the number of people with CKD will continue to rise,
especially as the population ages and the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension increases.
History
Kidney disease has been recognized for centuries. Ancient Egyptian and Greek texts mention symptoms
that resemble kidney disease. In the 19th century, doctors began to understand more about the kidneys'
role in filtering blood and producing urine. "Bright's disease" was used to describe various kidney
conditions, named after Dr. Richard Bright, who studied kidney disease in the early 1800s.
In the 20th century, advances in medical science led to a better understanding of kidney function and the
development of treatments like dialysis and kidney transplants. The discovery of the link between high
blood pressure, diabetes, and kidney disease has helped in the prevention and management of CKD.
Today, kidney disease is a major public health issue, with ongoing research focused on finding better
treatments and ways to prevent the disease.
Source of Information
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
• Medscape

• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
• National Kidney Foundation
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.

Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by

• Peptic ulcer disease

• PUD

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease?

Peptic ulcer disease is a condition in which open sores develop in the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). Depending on where the ulcers form, they are sometimes called stomach ulcers or duodenal ulcers.

Peptic ulcers are like small wounds in the protective lining of your digestive system. Imagine your stomach and intestines have a special coating to protect them from the strong acids that help digest food. When this coating gets damaged, the acids can eat away at the tissue underneath, creating sores or ulcers. These ulcers can cause a burning or gnawing pain in your belly, especially between meals or at night. Some people might feel full quickly when eating, experience bloating, or have heartburn. In more severe cases, ulcers can lead to bleeding, which might appear as dark, tarry stools or vomiting blood.

The two leading causes of peptic ulcers are:

• An infection with a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

• Long-term use of certain pain medications called NSAIDs (like aspirin or ibuprofen).

Contrary to popular belief, stress and spicy foods don't cause ulcers but can worsen symptoms.

Doctors can diagnose peptic ulcers through various tests, including blood, breath, and stool tests, or by looking inside your stomach with a tiny camera (endoscopy). Treatment usually involves medications to reduce stomach acid and, if H. pylori is present, antibiotics to kill the bacteria.

Most peptic ulcers heal with proper treatment, but it's essential to follow your doctor's instructions and avoid things that might irritate your stomach, like alcohol and smoking.

Trend
• In the United States, about 4 million people have active peptic ulcers.

• About 350,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.

• Over the last five years, approximately 1.75 million people have been diagnosed with peptic ulcers.

• Looking ahead five years, the number of people with peptic ulcers is expected to remain relatively stable or decrease slightly. This is because of better treatments for H. pylori infections and increased awareness about the risks of long-term NSAID use. However, an aging population might lead to a small increase in cases.

History
Peptic ulcers have been known for centuries, but their cause has been a mystery for a long time. In the past, doctors thought stress and diet were the leading causes. They often prescribed bland diets and rest.

A big breakthrough came in the 1980s when two Australian doctors, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, discovered that H. pylori bacteria could cause ulcers. At first, other doctors didn't believe them. To prove it, Dr. Marshall drank a mixture containing H. pylori and developed an ulcer himself! This discovery changed how we treat ulcers. Instead of just managing symptoms, doctors could now cure many ulcers by treating the underlying bacterial infection. This work was so crucial that Marshall and Warren won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2005.

Source of Information

• Cleveland Clinic

• Johns Hopkins Medicine