Just found out today that Medicare doesn't recognize naturopathic doctors. These doctors practice alternative medicine and fall under the holistic health umbrella. This is sad actually.
Apparently Medicare Part B helps cover some chiropractic services, like spinal manipulation by a licensed chiropractor to fix issues like vertebral subluxation (basically, misaligned bones in your spine). Once you meet the Part B deductible, you'll pay 20% of the Medicare-approved amount.
So it also covers up to 12 acupuncture treatments for chronic low back pain within a 90-day period. But if your back pain doesn't get better, they won't cover more treatments.
Wow!!
Welcome to Pegasus! Our mission is to enhance the lives of individuals who have disabilities and other challenges through equine-assisted activities and education.
Located in Brewster, NY, Pegasus Therapeutic Riding was established in 1975 and became one of the first therapeutic equestrian centers in the USA built to serve people with special needs. Since 1975 our definition of who a person with special needs is has expanded. In the beginning, our programs were focused on traditional therapeutic riding for children with physical disabilities. Today, while we still serve children and adults with physical disabilities, we have expanded our definition of special needs to include those of all ages on the autism spectrum and other cognitive and emotional disabilities.
Pegasus also provides programs to individuals at risk, disadvantaged youth, and trauma survivors, including Veterans and First Responders.
Our core programs include Therapeutic Riding, Therapeutic Horsemanship and Therapeutic Horsemanship for PTSD & Trauma.
Therapeutic riding offers physical benefits by mimicking human gait, helping riders improve core strength, motor skills, posture, balance, coordination, flexibility, and mobility. It provides freedom of movement for those with limited ambulation and treats riders as athletes. Cognitive benefits include sensory integration, spatial and body awareness, impulse control, communication, and focus, contributing to success at home, school, and work. Social-emotional gains involve confidence, anxiety reduction, socialization, emotional regulation, self-esteem, empathy, independence, and empowerment, fostering friendships and well-being. The program emphasizes experiential learning, tailoring challenges to individual needs, and is led by PATH-certified instructors and volunteers in a safe, supportive environment.
Pegasus Therapeutic Horsemanship is an unmounted program designed to empower participants with physical, cognitive, and social-emotional challenges through enriching activities centered on the restorative power of horses. PATH-certified instructors use experiential activities like bonding, grooming, and leading to promote growth and learning in a safe, supportive environment. These horsemanship skills are transferrable to everyday life and can have life-changing outcomes, with support from highly trained volunteers.
Cognitive benefits include improved motor planning, sequencing, safety awareness, impulse control, attention, and sensory integration. Physical benefits focus on coordination, balance, core strength, flexibility, and motor skills. Social-emotional gains involve confidence, anxiety reduction, emotional regulation, self-esteem, coping skills, and connection. Programs are often group-based, fostering social connection, with challenges tailored to meet participants’ needs for growth and success.
Pegasus Therapeutic Horsemanship for PTSD & Trauma is an unmounted program that uses the power of horses to help individuals manage stress, reduce anxiety, regulate emotions, and promote well-being. Horses teach us how to be present, listen actively, communicate clearly, set healthy boundaries and respect those of others, set intention, regulate energy, recognize and respond to emotions, be congruent and authentic, and live in the moment. Research shows that equine-assisted services for PTSD and trauma can lower heart rate, blood pressure, and cortisol levels, while increasing oxytocin (connection), serotonin (happiness), dopamine (motivation), and releasing endorphins that reduce stress and relieve pain, along with creating new neural pathways.
Volunteers are the heart of Pegasus. Without their dedication, loyalty, and hard work, it would not be possible for us to fulfill our mission. Pegasus offers a wide range of volunteer opportunities, some requiring horse experience, but many do not.
Want to learn more about our programs and mission? Visit us at https://pegasustr.org/ or email us at info@pegasustr.org.
Its name and other names that it’s been known by
• Mindful Meditation
• Mindfulness Practice
What is Meditation and Mindfulness?
Meditation and mindfulness are practices that help people focus on the present moment.
Meditation involves training your mind through practices that include sitting quietly, focusing on your breath, or moving your body mindfully. Mindfulness is about paying attention to what is happening right now without judgment. This means noticing your thoughts, feelings, and sensations as they come and go. It's like training your brain to be more aware and less distracted.
Both practices involve being aware of what's happening inside and outside of you. They don't require special equipment and can be done almost anywhere. Some people meditate for a few minutes daily, while others might practice for longer. Mindfulness can be practiced throughout the day, like when you're eating, walking, or even brushing your teeth.
Benefits of Meditation and Mindfulness
• Reduces Stress: Meditation and mindfulness help calm the mind and reduce stress by encouraging relaxation and awareness of the present moment.
• Improves Focus: Regular practice can enhance concentration and attention, making focusing on tasks and activities easier.
• Enhances Emotional Health: These practices can improve emotional regulation, helping people manage their feelings and respond more calmly to challenges.
• Promotes Self-Awareness: By paying attention to thoughts and feelings, people can become more aware of their habits and reactions, leading to personal growth.
• Improves Sleep: Meditation can help relax the body and mind, making falling and staying asleep easier.
• Boosts Creativity: Meditation can open space for creative thinking and problem-solving by clearing the mind of distractions.
• Increases Patience and Tolerance: Mindfulness encourages a non-judgmental attitude, which can help people become more patient and tolerant in their daily lives.
• Supports Physical Health: Some studies suggest mindfulness can help lower blood pressure, improve immune function, and reduce chronic pain.
Trends
• In recent years, millions of people in the United States have started practicing meditation and mindfulness.
• Surveys suggest that about 14% of American adults have tried meditation at least once.
• Over the past five years, meditation and mindfulness have become increasingly popular. More people are adopting these practices to manage stress, improve mental health, and enhance overall well-being. The rise of meditation apps and online resources has made accessing guided practices from home easier.
• Looking ahead, the trend is expected to continue growing. As more research highlights the benefits of meditation and mindfulness, and as more people seek ways to cope with stress and improve mental health, the number of practitioners will likely increase.
History
Meditation has been practiced for thousands of years, with roots in ancient traditions like Buddhism and Hinduism. It was originally used as a spiritual practice to deepen understanding and awareness. Over time, meditation spread to other cultures and religions, including Christianity and Islam, where it took on different forms.
Mindfulness, as it is known today, gained popularity in the West in the late 20th century. One of the key figures in bringing mindfulness to a wider audience was Jon Kabat-Zinn, who developed the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program in the 1970s. This program helped introduce mindfulness practices to the medical community to help patients manage stress and pain.
Today, meditation and mindfulness are practiced by people of all ages and backgrounds for spiritual reasons and health and wellness. They are used in schools, workplaces, and healthcare settings to promote mental and physical well-being.
• National Institute of Health, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
• National Institute of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• New York Times
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
The Power of Giving
Every day, silent heroes transform tragedy into hope through the gift of organ donation. In 2023, an extraordinary milestone was reached as 46,632 lives were saved through organ transplants in the United States, marking the 13th consecutive record-breaking year.
The Gift of Life
Behind each number lies a story of profound generosity. A single organ donor can save up to eight lives through organ donation and improve the lives of up to 75 people through tissue donation. In 2023, more than 16,000 individuals became deceased donors, while nearly 7,000 living donors stepped forward to share the gift of life.
Breaking New Ground
The year 2023 witnessed remarkable achievements:
• 27,329 kidney transplants
• 10,660 liver transplants
• 4,545 heart transplants
• 3,026 lung transplants
A Legacy of Hope
These numbers represent not just statistics, but families reunited, dreams restored, and lives transformed. Each successful transplant is a testament to the power of human compassion and medical advancement working in harmony.
Despite these achievements, approximately 104,753 people still wait hopefully for their second chance at life. Each organ donor becomes part of a beautiful legacy, turning their final act into a beginning for someone else. Their gift ripples through generations, touching not just the recipients, but their families, friends, and communities, creating an endless chain of hope and healing.
The importance of organ donation cannot be overstated. It is a profound act of generosity that transcends all boundaries, offering the possibility of renewed life to those in desperate need. As we reflect on these numbers, let us remember that behind each statistic is a story of courage, compassion, and the indomitable human spirit.
• Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
• Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)
• Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR)
• United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
In healthcare, a concept once confined to science fiction is now becoming a reality. The holographic doctor, reminiscent of the Emergency Medical Hologram (EMH) from Star Trek: Voyager, is taking shape in modern medicine. This EMH was a holographic program designed to provide medical care in emergencies, foreshadowing the potential of holographic technology in healthcare.
A Tennessee cancer clinic, West Cancer Center, is pioneering this technology by beaming doctors to rural areas, offering a new model of telehealth that surpasses traditional video conferencing systems. By using Proto Hologram's technology, they project life-sized images of doctors into distant clinics, providing patients with a more immersive and human experience. This approach enhances patient-doctor interaction and addresses the shortage of medical professionals in rural areas by allowing specialists to connect with patients remotely.
The use of hologram technology in healthcare is not just about innovation; it's also about connection. Seeing a doctor's gentle hand gestures and nuanced expressions creates a more comforting experience, especially during challenging times. This blend of cutting-edge innovation and heartfelt compassion ensures that patients receive the clearest and most realistic view of their doctors, enhancing human connection.
This technology also offers practical benefits by easing the burden on both patients and doctors. They no longer need to endure long, tiring drives; instead, specialists can connect with patients in multiple locations, expanding access to vital care. It's not just about efficiency but about providing comfort and support to patients who may feel isolated.
As this technology continues to evolve, it holds immense promise for the future of telehealth. While still in its early stages, it could become more common as costs decrease and its effectiveness is proven, especially in underserved areas. Other healthcare providers' adoption of this technology underscores its potential to create a more human, compassionate, and accessible healthcare experience.
This information was taken from “The Hologram Doctor Will See You Now”, Wall Street Journal, March 11, 2025, article by Isabelle Bousquette.
The full article is here: The Hologram Doctor Will See You Now - WSJ
Biogen research and medicine for Alzheimer's Disease
Biogen is a major biotechnology company working on Alzheimer's disease, a condition that affects memory and thinking skills. Their goal is to slow down memory loss, find better ways to detect Alzheimer's early, and develop more effective treatments.
Biogen is targeting two primary factors contributing to Alzheimer's disease in the brain:
• Amyloid plaques: These are abnormal protein deposits that accumulate between brain cells.
• Tau tangles: These are tangled clumps of a protein called tau that form inside brain cells.
Biogen is trying to tackle these problems with a few different approaches:
• Lecanemab (Leqembi): This medicine reduces amyloid plaques. It's been shown to slow down memory loss a little bit in some people with early Alzheimer's, but it's not a cure and doesn't work the same for everyone.
• Tau treatments: They are also developing an investigational medicine called BIIB113 that aims to prevent tau tangles. This medicine is currently in clinical trials to determine its safety and effectiveness.
• Early detection: Biogen is working with other companies to develop blood tests that can help doctors find Alzheimer's earlier. This could help people get treatment sooner.
More information on Biogen’s research on Alzheimer’s Disease can be found here:
• Video: Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease
• Website: Alzheimer’s Disease
Detailed information about Leqembi (lecanemab), including how it works and patient experiences, can be found here:
Researchers at UC San Diego School of Medicine, in collaboration with Cedars-Sinai and UCLA, have developed a groundbreaking acne vaccine that targets a specific enzyme variant produced by acne-causing bacteria. This innovative approach successfully reduces inflammation in a mouse model, paving the way for more precise and less disruptive acne treatments.
Here:
https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/groundbreaking-research-paves-way-acne-vaccine
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Anxiety Disorder
• There are several types of anxiety disorders, including:
» Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This involves persistent and excessive worry that interferes with daily activities. The worries may focus on everyday things such as job responsibilities, family health, or minor matters such as chores, car repairs, or appointments
» Panic Disorder: This involves sudden, intense fear that brings on a panic attack. During a panic attack, you may break out in a sweat, have chest pain, and have a pounding heartbeat (palpitations). Sometimes you may feel like you’re choking or having a heart attack.
» Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): This involves anxiety and other symptoms that occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, serious accident, or violent crime.
» Social Anxiety Disorder: This involves an intense fear of social situations, such as public speaking, meeting new people, or eating in front of others. This fear can be so severe that it interferes with daily activities.
» Specific Phobias: These involve an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as heights, flying, or spiders. The fear can be so severe that it interferes with daily activities.
What are Anxiety Disorders?
Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions that cause constant and overwhelming anxiety and fear. Anxiety is a normal emotion everyone feels occasionally, but anxiety disorders involve more than temporary worry or fear.
Symptoms of anxiety disorders can interfere with daily activities such as job performance, schoolwork, and relationships. They may include restlessness, a sudden feeling of panic and fear, uneasiness, nausea or cramps, sleep-related problems, cold or sweaty hands or feet, numbness in the hands or feet, shortness of breath, increased heart rate, chest pain, dry mouth, hot flashes or chills, sudden trembling, dizziness, avoidance of situations that may cause fear, obsessions and compulsions.
Anxiety disorders most often begin in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The causes are currently unknown, but researchers suspect a combination of factors plays a role, including genetics, brain chemistry, and environmental factors.
However, anxiety disorders are treatable with a number of psychotherapeutic treatments, which help most people lead normal, productive lives.
Trend
• Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health conditions in the US, affecting about 40 million Americans.
• Approximately 30% of women and 23.5% of men in the US have anxiety disorders.
History
Anxiety disorders were only recognized in 1980 by the American Psychiatric Association. Before this recognition, people experiencing one of these disorders usually received a generic diagnosis of ‘stress’ or ‘nerves’.
Sources of Information
• American Medical Association
• American Psychiatric Association
• American Psychological Association
• CalmClinic
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Cleveland Clinic
• HealthLine
• HealthyPlace
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Mental Health
• News Medical Life Sciences
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Growing up in Germany I was diagnosed with Exercise Induced Asthma (EIA). This luckily means that most of the time I'm OK, but I do have breathing issues when it is very cold or when I have a cold. In Germany I was prescribed Aarane (Sanofi) which is an inhaler with combination of Cromoglicic acid and Reprotorol hydrochloride. But then they added some sort of mint flavor.
When my lungs were tight and I inhaled it felt as if my lung size doubled. Maybe it was just the mint flavor, maybe it was for real because of this specific drug combination. But, man, I miss my mint flavored Aarane inhaler and I haven't found anything like it in the US. I don't seem to get the same relieve from the inhalers prescribed in the US (Salmeterol, Albuterol/Budesonide)
What are your experiences?
My dog has been having stomach issues and went to the vet. I was surprised to hear he could have Addisons disease. I know dogs have adrenal glands but didn't think about the possibility of Addisons!
Luckily my dog had been feeling better! Here's a picture of him!
So I have been in a few gatherings with friends and non friends and it seems like more and more people are self diagnosing with ADHD. Some think they do. I wonder why recently. Maybe people just feel like they can't focus on things for long anymore. Does anyone feel the same way?
In the heart of Killard House Special School in Northern Ireland, Kaylee Rogers, a young girl with autism and ADHD, found her voice through music. Shy and reserved, she stunned the world with her rendition of Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah."
Her principal, Colin Millar, shares how singing transforms her: "She'd be a very quiet little girl, but when she sings, she just opens up." Kaylee's journey from silence to song is a beautiful reminder of the incredible strength and potential within every child. Through her music, she inspires us all to embrace our unique gifts.
Cooking in an iron pot or pan can naturally boost your iron intake! Studies show that food cooked in iron cookware absorbs iron from the pan, making everyday meals more nutritious. This is especially helpful since iron deficiency is one of America's most common nutrient shortages. Think of it as a simple kitchen hack - your grandma's old cast iron skillet isn't just good for making the perfect cornbread, it's making your food healthier, too!
The research is from the National Library of Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12859709/
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Bipolar disorder
• Manic-depressive illness
What is Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that affects a person's mood, energy, and ability to function. People with bipolar disorder experience episodes of extreme highs, called mania, and extreme lows, called depression. During a manic episode, a person may feel very happy or unusually irritable, have lots of energy, and may do things that are risky or dangerous. These mood swings can affect sleep, energy, activity, judgment, behavior and the ability to think clearly. During a depressive episode, a person may feel sad or hopeless, lose interest or pleasure in most activities, have low energy, and have trouble sleeping or concentrating.
While most people will experience some emotional symptoms between episodes, some may not experience any. Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, it can be managed with medications and psychological counseling.
Trend
• In the United States, about 2.8% of adults have bipolar disorder.
• It is estimated that about 4.4% of people will experience bipolar disorder at some point in their lives.
• In the last five years, the number of people with bipolar disorder is not known. However, it is projected that the number of people with bipolar disorder will increase in the next five years.
History of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder has been recognized for centuries, but it was not until the 20th century that it was formally classified as a mental health condition. The exact causes of bipolar disorder are not known, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and brain chemistry factors.
Source of Information
• American Psychiatric Association
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
• National Library of Medicine
• SAMHSA – Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Cataracts
What are Cataracts?
Cataracts is a condition that affects the lens of the eye, causing it to become cloudy. This can lead to symptoms such as clouded or blurred vision, difficulty seeing at night, sensitivity to light and glare, seeing “halos” around lights, and changes in color perception.
Aging, eye injuries, medical conditions like diabetes, and long-term use of certain medications like steroids can cause cataracts.
While cataracts can cause significant vision problems, they are treatable. Today, cataract surgery is a common and generally safe procedure that can restore vision in people with cataracts. The surgery involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with a clear artificial lens.
What are the different types of cataracts:
• Age-related cataracts: These develop due to natural changes in the lens of your eye as you age.
• Traumatic cataracts: These form after serious eye injuries.
• Radiation cataracts: These can be caused by certain types of radiation, such as ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun and radiation treatment for cancer.
• Pediatric cataracts: Children can be born with cataracts (congenital cataracts) or develop them later.
• Secondary cataracts: These develop after cataract surgery due to the formation of scar tissue in the eye, which can make your vision cloudy again. Other names for it are after-cataract or posterior capsule opacification.
Trend
• In the United States, more than half of all Americans over the age of 80 have had cataracts or cataract surgery.
• It is estimated that about 24.4 million Americans over the age of 40 have cataracts.
• The number of people with cataracts is expected to increase in the next five years due to the aging population.
History
Although cataracts have been recognized for centuries, the first successful cataract surgery was not performed until the 18th century.
Cataracts have been recognized for centuries.
• The earliest documented case of a cataract was reported to be in a museum in Cairo that houses a small statue from the 5th dynasty (about 2457-2467 B.C.E.).
• The first successful cataract surgery was performed in the 18th century by Jacques Daviel (1696–1762), a French ophthalmologist.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Mayo Clinic
• National Eye Institute
• News Medical Life Sciences
• Ophthalmology Physicians and Surgeons, PC
• The Heart and Brain
• Very Well Health
The diagram is from the Griffey Eye Care & Laser Center
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Celiac disease
• Celiac sprue
• Coeliac disease
• Gluten-sensitive enteropathy
• Non-tropical sprue
What is Celiac Disease?
Celiac disease is a condition that affects the small intestine when a person eats gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.
When a person with celiac disease eats gluten, their immune system attacks the lining of their small intestine, causing damage and making it difficult for the body to absorb nutrients from food. This can lead to symptoms like diarrhea, bloating, and weight loss.
The exact causes of celiac disease are not known, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Celiac disease is a lifelong condition that can be managed by following a gluten-free diet. People who are gluten-free must avoid foods containing wheat, rye, and barley.
Trend
• In the United States, it is estimated that about 1 in 141 people have celiac disease.
• The number of people with celiac disease has increased in recent years, but it is not known how many people have had it in the last five years.
• It is projected that the number of people with celiac disease will continue to increase in the next five years.
History of Celiac Disease
Although the disease has been recognized for centuries, it was not until the 20th century that it was formally classified as a medical condition.
Source of Information
• Celiac Disease Foundation
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• The condition is called "Depressive Disorder".
• It’s commonly known as "Depression".
What is Depression?
Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, and other symptoms such as poor concentration, feelings of guilt, hopelessness, disrupted sleep, and changes in appetite or weight. It can affect all aspects of life, including relationships, work, and school.
Depression can be caused by a combination of social, psychological, and biological factors, and it can lead to significant impairments in daily functioning.
How is Depression Diagnosed?
• Doctors look for symptoms that last for at least two weeks, like feeling sad, losing interest in activities, changes in appetite or sleep, low energy, trouble concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide.
• They might use screening tools like the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) or the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to help diagnose depression.
• Lab tests might be performed to rule out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms, like thyroid problems.
• A clinical interview is often used to assess the severity of depression and to rule out other mental health conditions.
How is Depression Treated?
• Medication: Antidepressants can help balance chemicals in the brain that affect mood.
• Therapy: Talking to a therapist can help change negative thinking patterns and improve coping skills.
• Lifestyle Changes: Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and good sleep habits can make a big difference.
• Support Groups: Connecting with others who have depression can provide emotional support.
• Self-Care: Learning to manage stress, practicing relaxation techniques, and engaging in activities that bring joy can help.
Trend in the United States:
• In 2020, about 1 in 10 Americans experienced depression, and the rate was even higher, around 20%, for teenagers and young adults.
• Among people aged 18-25, almost 1 in 5 had a major depressive episode.
• For teenagers aged 12 to 17, around 5 million had at least one major depressive episode, which is about 20% of the population in that age group.
• In 2021, an estimated 21 million adults in the United States had at least one major depressive episode, which is about 8% of all U.S. adults.
History of Depression:
Depression has been recognized for centuries, but its understanding and treatment have evolved. The modern understanding of depression as a mental disorder has developed through scientific research and clinical observations.
The history of depression treatment includes various approaches such as psychotherapy and medications, and it has been influenced by societal attitudes towards mental health.
• CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• National Library of Medicine
• National Institute of Mental Health
• World Health Organization
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Cushing's Syndrome: This is the main and most widely used term.
• Hypercortisolism: This term refers to the elevated cortisol levels itself, not the specific syndrome.
• Cushing's disease: This refers specifically to the type of Cushing's syndrome caused by a pituitary tumor, not all types.
What is Cushing's Syndrome?
Cushing's syndrome is a collection of hormonal disorders resulting from high levels of the hormone cortisol. It occurs when the body makes too much cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol, also known as the "stress hormone," helps the body respond to stress, maintain blood pressure, regulate blood sugar, reduce inflammation, and turn the food you eat into energy.
Cushing's syndrome can cause a variety of symptoms, including weight gain, thin arms and legs, a round face, increased fat around the neck, easy bruising, high blood pressure, and mood changes. It can be caused by the long-term use of corticosteroid medications or by tumors in the pituitary or adrenal glands.
Trend in the United States
• Number of people in the US that have it: Estimates vary, ranging from about 40 to 70 people out of every million.
• Five-year projection: The true number of people with Cushing's syndrome may be higher than reported; exact numbers are challenging to determine due to potential underdiagnosis.
• It typically affects people aged 20 to 50 and affects roughly three times as many women as men.
History of Cushing's Syndrome
The understanding of Cushing's syndrome began with discovering the adrenal and pituitary glands in the 16th century. In 1855, Addison described a condition related to the adrenals. In 1912, Harvey Cushing, for whom it is named, identified a patient with high cortisol levels. It took almost 40 years to confirm that this was due to adrenal overactivity. Surgery for Cushing's disease started in the early 1900s but became more widely accepted with improved techniques in the following years.
Source of Information
• Better Health Channel
• Cleveland Clinic
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
• OHSU Brain Institute
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases
• CLRD
What are Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases?
Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases (CLRD) is a group of lung diseases that cause breathing difficulties and airflow obstruction.
Some of the most common CLRDs include:
» Asthma: A chronic disease that affects the airways in the lungs, causing recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing due to airway narrowing. It is the most common chronic disease among children.
» Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A condition that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It affects the airways and causes long-term breathing problems, often due to smoking or exposure to certain chemicals or fumes.
» Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body. This can lead to severe respiratory problems.
» Lung Cancer: A type of cancer that starts in the lungs and can cause a range of respiratory symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
» Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
» Occupational Lung Diseases: These are respiratory diseases caused by exposure to certain substances in the workplace, such as dust, chemicals, or fumes. Examples include pneumoconiosis and occupational asthma.
» Pulmonary Hypertension: A type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart. It can cause shortness of breath, dizziness, and chest pain.
Tobacco smoke, air pollution, allergens, and frequent lower respiratory infections during childhood are some of the risk factors for CLRDs. While these diseases aren’t curable, various forms of treatment can help control symptoms and improve daily life for people living with these conditions.
Trend
• In the US, approximately 16 million people have been diagnosed with COPD, and it is estimated that an additional 16 million have undiagnosed COPD.
• The number of people with CLRD has been increasing over the years. In 2022, the percentage of adults who have ever been diagnosed with COPD, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis was 4.6%.
History of Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases
The history of CLRD dates back to ancient times, with evidence of its existence found in Egyptian mummies. However, it was not until the 19th century that the term "chronic bronchitis" was first used to describe the condition. In the 20th century, the link between smoking and CLRD was established, leading to a better understanding of the disease and its prevention. Today, CLRD is a major public health issue worldwide.
Source of Information
• American Lung Association
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
• Pan American Health Organization
• Very Well Health
• West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources
• World Health Organization
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By
• Diabetes-related retinopathy
What is Diabetic Retinopathy?
It’s an eye condition that can lead to vision loss and blindness in people with diabetes.
It affects the blood vessels in the retina and the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. High blood sugar levels due to diabetes can damage the retina's blood vessels, causing them to leak fluid or bleed. This can lead to the growth of abnormal blood vessels, which can further contribute to vision problems.
Types of Diabetic Retinopathy
There are two main types of diabetic retinopathy:
• Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)
• Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)
• NPDR is the early stage of the disease, while PDR is more advanced and can lead to severe vision problems.
Symptoms
In the early stages, diabetic retinopathy often has no symptoms. As the condition progresses, symptoms may include:
• Spots or dark strings floating in your vision (floaters)
• Blurred vision
• Fluctuating vision
• Dark or empty areas in your vision
• Vision loss
How is Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosed?
• Dilated fundus exam: Eye doctors check for diabetic retinopathy during a special eye exam. They put drops in your eyes to make your pupils bigger, giving them a better view of the retina.
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT): This imaging test uses light to create detailed cross-sections of the retina, helping to detect early signs of diabetic retinopathy, such as swelling or fluid buildup.
• Fluorescein angiography: This test involves injecting a dye into your arm and taking pictures of your eye's blood vessels. It can help identify leaking blood vessels and other abnormalities.
• Other tests: In some cases, additional tests, such as a visual field test or an electroretinogram, may be needed to assess the extent of vision loss or damage to the retina.
How is Diabetic Retinopathy Treated?
• Controlling blood sugar and blood pressure: This is crucial for preventing the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
• Regular eye exams: Annual eye exams are essential for early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
• Laser treatment: This can seal leaking blood vessels and reduce swelling in the retina.
Eye injections: Special eye injections can help stop abnormal blood vessels from growing and reduce fluid buildup.
• Surgery: In advanced cases, surgery may be needed to remove blood or scar tissue from the eye.
Eye drops: Your doctor might prescribe special eye drops to lower eye pressure or treat other eye problems.
Additional Considerations
• Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and quitting smoking can help prevent or slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
• Genetic factors: Certain genetic factors may increase the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy.
Trend
• In the United States, about 8 million people have diabetic retinopathy, and it's estimated that around 1 million people have had it in the last five years.
• Over the next five years, the number of people with diabetic retinopathy is projected to increase due to the rising prevalence of diabetes.
History of Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy has been a significant concern for individuals with diabetes for many years. As the number of people with diabetes has increased, so has the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy.
Advances in medical understanding and technology have improved the diagnosis and treatment of this condition, helping to reduce the risk of vision loss for many individuals.
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)
• The Lancet
• Mayo Clinic
• National Eye Institute
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By
• Diabetes Mellitus
There are several forms of diabetes, the most common are:
• Type 1
• Type 2
Other less common forms include:
• Gestational diabetes
• Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
• Neonatal diabetes
What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a chronic health condition that affects how the body turns food into energy. When food is consumed, it is broken down into sugar (glucose), which is released into the bloodstream. The pancreas then releases insulin, a hormone that helps move glucose from the blood into the body's cells for energy.
In diabetes, the body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't use it effectively, leading to high blood sugar levels. This can cause serious health problems such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.
How is diabetes diagnosed?
Doctors use different tests to find out if someone has diabetes. Here are the main tests they use:
• A1C Test: This test shows your average blood sugar levels over the last two to three months. You don’t need to fast for this test. If your A1C level is 6.5% or higher, it means you might have diabetes.
• Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Test: For this test, you need to fast (not eat) for at least 8 hours. If your blood sugar level is 126 mg/dL or higher, it suggests diabetes.
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): After fasting, you drink a sugary drink, and then your blood sugar is tested two hours later. If your level is 200 mg/dL or higher, it indicates diabetes.
• Random Plasma Glucose Test: This test checks your blood sugar at any time, even if you’ve just eaten. If your level is 200 mg/dL or higher and you have symptoms of diabetes, it means you might have the condition.
How is diabetes treated?
Treating diabetes is about keeping blood sugar levels stable. Here are some common ways to manage it:
• Healthy Eating: Eating a balanced diet with lots of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains helps control blood sugar.
• Regular Exercise: Being active helps your body use insulin better and keeps blood sugar levels steady.
• Medications: Some people need medicines or insulin shots to help manage their blood sugar.
• Blood Sugar Monitoring: Checking your blood sugar regularly helps you see how well your treatment works.
• Weight Management: Losing weight, if needed, can help improve blood sugar control and overall health.
• Doctors will suggest different treatments based on the type of diabetes and what each person needs. Working with a healthcare provider is important to find the best plan for you.
Trend
• In the United States, approximately 37.3 million people have diabetes, which is about 11% of the population.
• The number of adults with diabetes has more than doubled in the last 20 years.
• The number of people with diabetes is projected to continue rising.
History of Diabetes
The history of diabetes dates back to ancient times, with the first known mention of the disease occurring around 1500 BCE in ancient Egypt. The term "diabetes" was first coined by Aretaeus of Cappadocia, a Greek physician, in the 2nd century CE.
The understanding and treatment of diabetes have evolved significantly over the centuries, leading to the discovery of insulin (discovered by Frederick Banting and Charles Bes) in the 1920s, revolutionizing the management of the condition.
• CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Cleveland Clinic
• Diabetes UK
• Merck Manuals
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
• CFS
• Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
• ME
What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?
It’s a complex and debilitating condition characterized by long-term and disabling fatigue or tiredness. This fatigue is not relieved by rest and can worsen after physical or mental activity, a symptom known as post-exertional malaise (PEM). Other common symptoms include problems with sleep, thinking, and concentrating, pain, dizziness, and muscle or joint pain.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is a fluctuating condition, and its symptoms can change unpredictably in nature and severity over time. Its impact on people’s lives can vary, with some experiencing mild symptoms that allow them to perform light domestic tasks and work or attend school with difficulty, while others may be bed- or house-bound for long periods, unable to perform daily tasks or maintain employment.
The exact cause of the disease isn’t known, but a combination of factors may be involved, including genetics and infections. The disease is most common in people between the ages of 40 and 60; women are affected more often than men.
Trend
• It’s estimated that there are between 836,000 to 2.5 million Americans with it.
• However, please note that these numbers could vary as the condition is often underdiagnosed due to its complex nature and the lack of a definitive diagnostic test.
History of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
19th century: A doctor named George Beard coined the term 'neurasthenia' to describe an illness that mostly affected women and had symptoms similar to ME/CFS.
20th century: There were about 70 outbreaks of ME/CFS during this time, and the illness had many different names. Their unknown cause and similar symptoms linked all of these outbreaks. One of the most important outbreaks happened at the Royal Free Hospital in the United Kingdom, where over 200 staff got sick, and the hospital had to close for a few months. A doctor named Dr. Melvin Ramsay called the illness Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) during this time.
1988: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) created the first description of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) to help researchers study the illness better.
1994: The definition of CFS was changed to include more people, which made it harder to diagnose the illness correctly. Some people also thought that the name "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome" did not show how serious the illness was.
2015: The Institute of Medicine recommended new criteria for diagnosing it that focused on a smaller set of symptoms. They also suggested a new name for the illness, "Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease" (SEID), but it was not widely used.
Present: It is still a poorly understood and controversial illness, with ongoing research and efforts to improve diagnosis and treatment.
Source of Information
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Focus Medica
• Mayo Clinic
• MEpedia
• Open Medicine Foundation
• Patient
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Chronic Liver Disease
• CLD
• Cirrhosis
These are some different types of chronic liver disease:
» Alcoholic liver disease: This is caused by drinking too much alcohol for a long time, and it can lead to liver damage and cirrhosis.
» Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): This is when fat builds up in the liver, but it's not caused by drinking alcohol. It's the most common type of chronic liver disease in the United States and is linked to obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
» Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): This is a more severe form of NAFLD, where there is inflammation and liver cell damage in addition to fat accumulation. NASH can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
» Hemochromatosis: This is a genetic disorder in which the body absorbs too much iron from the diet, leading to iron overload in the liver and other organs. Over time, this can cause liver damage and cirrhosis.
» Chronic viral hepatitis: This includes long-term infections with hepatitis B and C viruses, which can cause inflammation and liver damage. Chronic viral hepatitis is a leading cause of liver cancer and liver transplantation.
» Autoimmune hepatitis: This is when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the liver, causing inflammation and liver damage. It can lead to cirrhosis if not treated.
» Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC): This is a chronic liver disease where the small bile ducts in the liver are destroyed, leading to bile accumulation and liver damage. PBC is more common in women and is often associated with other autoimmune conditions.
» Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): This is a chronic liver disease where there is inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. PSC is often associated with inflammatory bowel disease.
What is Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis?
Chronic liver disease is a long-term condition where the liver gets worse over time. The liver is an important organ that helps with digestion, makes proteins, and removes harmful substances in the body.
Cirrhosis is a serious stage of chronic liver disease where the liver becomes scarred and can't work properly anymore. However, not all cases of chronic liver disease progress to cirrhosis.
People with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis may experience symptoms like fatigue, weight loss, and yellow skin or eyes. They may also have problems with their digestion, like feeling sick or having a swollen belly. Some people may experience bleeding or bruising easily, or their legs and feet may swell up.
Trend
• In the United States, about 4.5 million adults have chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. This is about 1.8% of all adults.
• About 35,000 people die from chronic liver disease and cirrhosis each year in the United States. Cirrhosis is the ninth leading cause of death in the country.
• The number of people with a type of chronic liver disease called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is going up. It is estimated that by 2030, NAFLD will be the main reason why people need a liver transplant in the United States.
History of Chronic Liver Disease
The history of chronic liver disease goes way back. People have known about it for thousands of years. Ancient doctors could tell if someone’s liver was hurt by looking at their skin and eyes. If they were yellow, it was a sign that the liver was in trouble. This is still a symptom we look for today.
Source of Information
• Better Health Channel
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Mayo Clinic
• Medical Xpress
• MedlinePlus
• Mount Sinai - New York
• NCBI Bookshelf
• News Medical Lifesciences; Azo Network
• Springer Nature Limited
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By
• Erectile dysfunction
• ED as an information nickname
• Impotence
What is Erectile Dysfunction?
Erectile dysfunction is when a man has trouble getting or keeping an erection that's firm enough for sex.
It can be an occasional problem or a persistent issue. Many factors can contribute to erectile dysfunction, including physical conditions like heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and tobacco use. It can also be caused by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression. Sometimes, a combination of physical and psychological issues can lead to erectile dysfunction.
This condition can cause stress, affect self-confidence, and strain relationships.
Trend In the United States
• It's estimated that over 30 million men have erectile dysfunction.
• Over the next five years, there is a projected increase in the number of individuals affected by erectile dysfunction due to factors such as an aging population and lifestyle changes.
History of Epilepsy
Erectile dysfunction has been a concern for men for a long time. In the past, it was often not well understood, and men may have felt embarrassed to talk about it. However, in recent years, there has been more awareness and understanding of the condition.
Treatments for erectile dysfunction have also improved, including medications, counseling, and other therapies. Men need to know that they are not alone in experiencing this condition and that effective treatments are available.
Source of Information
• Cleveland Clinic
• Urology Care Foundation
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By
• Eating disorders
It includes various specific disorders, such as
• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa
• Binge eating disorder.
What is Eating Disorders?
Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions characterized by unhealthy eating habits and a preoccupation with body weight and shape.
Anorexia nervosa involves self-starvation and extreme weight loss, bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating followed by purging, and binge eating disorder involves consuming large amounts of food in a short period.
These disorders can have severe physical and emotional effects and can be life-threatening if not treated.
Trend In the United States
• It's estimated that 20 million women and 10 million men will have an eating disorder at some point in their lives.
• Over the last five years, the number of people affected by eating disorders has been significant, and there is a projection that this number may continue to rise due to various factors such as societal pressure, media influence, genetic predisposition, mental health conditions, and family history.
History of Eating Disorders
Eating disorders have a long history, with evidence of disordered eating behaviors dating back to ancient times. The understanding and treatment of eating disorders have evolved over the centuries.
In the 20th century, there were significant shifts in the medical and psychological understanding of these conditions, leading to the recognition of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder as distinct mental health conditions.
Treatment approaches have also advanced, moving from a purely medical focus to a more holistic model that addresses psychological, nutritional, and medical aspects of the disorders.
Source of Information
• Eating Recovery Center
• The Recovery Village
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By
• Endometriosis
• It’s also known as "endo" as an informal nickname
What is Endometriosis?
Endometriosis is a problem where tissue similar to the lining inside the uterus (womb) grows outside where it shouldn't be. Normally, this tissue only grows inside the uterus and sheds during a period. But with endometriosis, it can grow on organs like the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or even in other parts of the body.
This misplaced tissue acts like it would inside the uterus - it thickens, breaks down, and bleeds with each menstrual cycle. But because it's not where it's supposed to be, it can cause pain, inflammation, and sometimes form scar tissue.
Endometriosis can cause different problems for different people. Some might have really painful periods or pain during sex. Others might have trouble getting pregnant. The severity can vary a lot - some people might barely notice it, while others might have pain so bad it interferes with their daily life.
It's a chronic condition, which means it's long-lasting, and there's no cure yet. However, there are ways to manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for those who have it.
How is it diagnosed?
• Talking to a doctor about symptoms
• Physical exam, including a pelvic exam
• Ultrasound imaging to look for cysts or other signs
• MRI scan for a more detailed look
• Laparoscopy - a minor surgery where a doctor looks inside the belly with a camera
• Sometimes, taking a small tissue sample (biopsy) during laparoscopy
How is it treated?
• Pain medications like ibuprofen
• Hormone treatments (like birth control pills) to control menstrual cycles
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) medicines to lower estrogen
• Surgery to remove endometriosis tissue
• In severe cases, surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy)
• Lifestyle changes like exercise and diet adjustments
• Alternative therapies like acupuncture (though more research is needed)
Trend
• In the United States, about 6.5 million women have endometriosis
• Exact numbers for the last five years aren't available, but it's thought to affect about 10% of women during their reproductive years
• Five-year projection: The number is expected to stay about the same or increase slightly as awareness grows
History
Endometriosis has probably been around for a long time, but it wasn't well understood until recently.
In 1860, a doctor named Karl von Rokitansky first described seeing endometrial tissue outside the uterus. But it wasn't until the 1920s that doctors started to really study it.
John A. Sampson, an American gynecologist, came up with theories about how it might develop and gave it the name "endometriosis." Since then, our understanding has grown a lot, but there's still much to learn about what causes it and how best to treat it.
Source of Information
• Cleveland Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office on Woman’s Health (OASH)
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By
• Epilepsy
• Seizure disorder
What is Epilepsy?
Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes recurring seizures.
Seizures are like electrical storms inside the brain, resulting from abnormal electrical brain activity. These seizures can cause a variety of symptoms, such as temporary confusion, staring spells, stiff muscles, uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs, loss of consciousness, and psychological symptoms like fear, anxiety, or deja vu.
There are many types of epilepsy, and they can affect people in different ways. Some people may have periods of unusual behaviors and feelings, while others may experience a loss of awareness during a seizure.
Seizures can be caused by genetics, stroke, tumors, infections, and brain injury, but often their cause is unknown. Common seizure triggers include sleep deprivation, stress, flashing lights, or alcohol withdrawal.
The condition can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including neurological exams, blood tests, EEG, CT scans, and brain imaging.
While there is no cure for epilepsy, most people with the condition can control their seizures with medication or other treatments and can live full and productive lives. Some people may require lifelong treatment, while others may outgrow the condition with age.
Trend In the United States
• It affects people of all genders, races, ethnicities, and ages. Around 3 million people have epilepsy.
• Over the next five years, there is a projected increase in the number of individuals affected by epilepsy due to enhanced awareness, early diagnosis, and better management.
History of Epilepsy
The history of epilepsy dates back to ancient times, with early mentions in Mesopotamian clay tablets around 4000 BC and Egyptian documentation around 1500 BC attributing symptoms to demonic possession or divine punishment.
In Greek and Roman times, Hippocrates revolutionized the understanding of epilepsy by proposing its origin in the brain, marking a shift towards a more scientific approach. However, during the Middle Ages, from 500-1500 AD, fear and superstition prevailed, leading to the stigmatization of individuals with epilepsy.
The Renaissance (14th-17th centuries) brought renewed interest in science and medicine, which focused on the brain rather than supernatural causes.
Progress continued in the 18th and 19th centuries with the discovery of the first effective epilepsy medication, potassium bromide.
In the modern era (20th and 21st centuries), advancements like EEG technology improved diagnosis and classification, revealing that epilepsy can have various causes. Today, ongoing research and evolving treatments offer hope for managing epilepsy effectively, highlighting the legacy of progress in understanding and treating this neurological condition.
Source of Information
• Epilepsy Foundation
• Mayo Clinic
• NYU Langone
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• GERD (an acronym for the full name)
• Acid reflux
What is GERD?
GERD is a common condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and coughing.
It is a chronic digestive disease that occurs when stomach acid or, occasionally, stomach content flows back into the esophagus. This backwash of acid irritates the esophagus's lining, leading to symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing.
Trend In the United States
• GERD is estimated to affect between 18.1% to 27.8% of the population.
• The prevalence of GERD is slightly higher in men compared to women.
History of GERD
The history of GERD can be traced back to ancient times, with descriptions of heartburn and acid reflux appearing in medical texts from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
In the 16th century, the Swiss physician Paracelsus wrote about treating heartburn with antacids. In the 19th century, the French physician Pierre Robin described the use of a tube to measure the stomach's acidity.
In the 20th century, advances in medical technology led to the development of new diagnostic tests and treatments for GERD, including medications to reduce stomach acid production and surgical procedures to repair the lower esophageal sphincter.
Today, GERD is a common condition that can be managed with a combination of lifestyle changes, medication, and, in some cases, surgery.
Source of Information
• IntechOpen
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Medscape
• National Center for Biotechnology Information
• PubMed Central
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By
• Glaucoma
• An informal nickname for it is, “sneak thief of vision”
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging the optic nerve in the eye. The most common type in the United States is called open-angle glaucoma, which often has no early symptoms. Over time, it can lead to loss of side (peripheral) vision, blind spots, and eventually blindness. There are other less common types, such as angle-closure glaucoma and congenital glaucoma.
Trend In the United States
• Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness for people over 60 years old.
• It's estimated that over 3 million Americans have glaucoma, but half of them may not know they have it because it often has no early symptoms.
History of Glaucoma
The history of glaucoma can be traced back to ancient times, with descriptions of the condition appearing in medical texts from ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome.
In the 17th century, the English physician Richard Banister wrote about treating glaucoma with bloodletting and purging. In the 19th century, the German physician Albrecht von Graefe developed a surgical procedure to treat glaucoma by creating an opening in the eye to drain excess fluid.
In the 20th century, advances in medical technology led to the development of new diagnostic tests and treatments for glaucoma, including medications to reduce eye pressure, laser procedures, and minimally invasive surgical techniques.
Today, early detection and treatment of glaucoma can help prevent vision loss and blindness.
Source of Information
• American Academy of Ophthalmology
• Mayo Clinic
• National Eye Institute
• WebMD
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Underactive thyroid
• Low thyroid
What is hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones for the body's needs. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck that produces hormones that control how your body uses energy. Many body functions slow down when the thyroid doesn't make enough hormones.
Some common symptoms of hypothyroidism include:
• Feeling tired or having low energy
• Gaining weight
• Feeling cold
• Dry skin and hair
• Constipation
• Depression
• Muscle weakness
• Joint or muscle pain
• Slowed heart rate
Hypothyroidism can be caused by different things, but the most common cause is an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In this condition, the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to make less hormone. Other causes can include certain medications, radiation therapy, thyroid surgery, or insufficient iodine in your diet.
Doctors diagnose hypothyroidism with blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels. The main treatment for hypothyroidism is taking a daily pill that contains synthetic thyroid hormone. This medicine, called levothyroxine, replaces the hormone your thyroid isn't making. Most people with hypothyroidism need to take this medication for the rest of their lives.
It's important to take the right amount of thyroid hormone. Too little will not properly treat hypothyroidism, while too much can cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Regular blood tests help doctors adjust the dose as needed. Living with hypothyroidism usually means taking daily medication and having regular check-ups with your doctor. With proper treatment, most people with hypothyroidism can live normal, healthy lives.
Trend
• In the United States, about 5 out of 100 people aged 12 years and older have hypothyroidism. This means approximately 16.5 million Americans have the condition.
• Women are more likely to have hypothyroidism than men, and the risk increases with age.
• Over the last five years, the number of people diagnosed with hypothyroidism has remained relatively stable. However, some experts believe many cases go undiagnosed, so the actual number could be higher.
• Looking ahead to the next five years, the number of people with hypothyroidism is expected to increase slightly. This is partly due to an aging population and improved diagnostic techniques. However, the increase is not expected to be dramatic.
History
The thyroid gland and its functions were first described in the 1600s, but it wasn't until the late 1800s that doctors began to understand thyroid disorders. In 1883, a surgeon named Theodor Kocher noticed that removing the entire thyroid gland led to symptoms we now recognize as hypothyroidism.
In the early 1900s, researchers discovered that giving thyroid extract to patients with hypothyroidism could treat their symptoms. This was a major breakthrough in treating the condition. In the 1950s, scientists developed synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine), which is still the standard treatment.
Over the years, blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels have become more accurate, allowing for earlier and more precise diagnoses of hypothyroidism. Today, research continues to improve our understanding of thyroid function and to develop new treatments for thyroid disorders.
• American Thyroid Association
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By
• Cholelithiasis
What are Gallstones?
Gallstones are hardened pieces of digestive fluid that form in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small organ under the liver that stores bile, a fluid made in the liver to help digestion.
Gallstones can range in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball and can be made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or a combination of both. They can cause symptoms when they block the flow of bile from the gallbladder, leading to severe pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Some people with gallstones may not experience symptoms, which are called "silent stones".
How are gallstones diagnosed?
Doctors use different tests to see if someone has gallstones. The tests they choose can depend on the person’s symptoms and medical history:
• Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to take pictures of the inside of your body. It helps doctors see if there are gallstones in the gallbladder.
• Cholecystography: This is an X-ray test. Doctors use a special dye to see how well the gallbladder is working and if there are stones blocking it.
• Blood tests: These tests look for signs of infection or problems with the liver or pancreas, which can happen if gallstones are causing issues.
• CT scan: A CT scan takes detailed pictures of the inside of the body. It can show gallstones and any problems they might be causing.
• ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography): This is a special procedure where a thin tube with a camera is used to look at the bile ducts. Doctors can inject dye to see if there are any blockages.
How are gallstones treated?
Treatment for gallstones depends on whether they are causing pain or other problems. New treatments may be available, so it’s good to check with a doctor:
• Observation: If gallstones aren’t causing any symptoms, doctors might just watch and wait, since treatment may not be needed.
• Medications: Some medicines can help dissolve certain types of gallstones, but this isn’t always the best option.
• Surgery (Cholecystectomy): If gallstones cause problems, the most common treatment is to remove the gallbladder through surgery. This can be done with small cuts (laparoscopic surgery) or a larger cut (open surgery).
• Endoscopic procedures: If a stone gets stuck in the bile duct, doctors might use ERCP to remove it.
• Lifestyle changes: Doctors may suggest changes in diet and exercise to help prevent gallstones from coming back.
• It’s important to remember that the best treatment for someone will depend on their specific situation. If you have health concerns, it’s always best to talk to a doctor for advice that’s right for you.
Trend
• In the United States, gallstones are common, especially in women and people assigned female at birth.
• It is estimated that over 20 million adults in the U.S. have gallstones.
• It is more common in people assigned female at birth and those older than 40.
History of Gallstones
The history of gallstones dates back to ancient times, with evidence of gallstones found in Egyptian mummies.
The Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the 4th century BC, wrote about the symptoms of gallstones and their treatment.
In the 19th century, surgical removal of the gallbladder, known as cholecystectomy, became a common treatment for gallstones.
Today, several treatment options are available for gallstones, including medication, dietary changes, and minimally invasive surgical procedures.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Mayo Clinic
• Penn Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Hypertension
• High blood pressure
• Raised blood pressure
What is Hypertension?
Hypertension is a condition where the pressure of blood in your blood vessels is consistently too high.
Imagine your blood vessels as pipes and your blood as water flowing through them. In hypertension, the
water pushes against the pipes with too much force.
Blood pressure is measured using two numbers. The first number (systolic) is the pressure when your
heart beats and pushes blood out. The second number (diastolic) is the pressure when your heart rests
between beats. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mm Hg. Hypertension is generally defined as
blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg or higher.
Many people with hypertension don't feel any symptoms, which is why it's often called a "silent killer." If
left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage.
That's why it's important to have your blood pressure checked regularly.
Hypertension can be caused by various factors, including:
• Age (risk increases as you get older)
• Family history
• Being overweight or obese
• Not exercising enough
• Eating too much salt
• Drinking too much alcohol
• Stress
• Certain medical conditions like diabetes
The good news is that hypertension can often be managed or prevented through lifestyle changes such
as:
• Eating a healthy diet with less salt
• Exercising regularly
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Limiting alcohol intake
• Not smoking
• Managing stress
In some cases, medication may be necessary to control blood pressure. Several types of blood pressure
medicines work in different ways, so it's crucial to work with your doctor to find the best treatment plan for
you. Even if you feel fine, high blood pressure can still damage your body, so keeping it under control is
important.
Trend
• In the United States, about 116 million adults (47% of the population) have hypertension.
• This number has increased over the past five years due to changes in how hypertension is defined and
diagnosed.
• Globally, an estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years had hypertension in 2019. This number has
been steadily increasing over the past few decades.
• Looking ahead to the next five years, experts predict that the number of people with hypertension will
continue to rise, both in the U.S. and globally. This is due to factors like population growth, aging
populations, and increasing rates of obesity and sedentary lifestyles.
History
Although the concept of blood pressure has existed since the 18th century, doctors did not start to
understand its importance until the early 20th century. In the 1920s, insurance companies began using
blood pressure measurements to assess health risks.
Over time, our understanding of hypertension and its risks has grown. In the 1960s and 1970s, large
studies showed that treating high blood pressure could prevent heart disease and stroke, leading to more
widespread screening and treatment.
The definition of hypertension has changed over the years as we've learned more. In 2017, guidelines in
the U.S. lowered the threshold for diagnosing hypertension from 140/90 mm Hg to 130/80 mm Hg,
recognizing that lower blood pressure levels can still pose health risks.
Source of Information
• American Heart Association
• Mayo Clinic
• World Health Organization
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• HIV
• It was known as GRID (gay-related immune deficiency) in the early 1980s before the virus was fully understood.
What is HIV?
HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells) that help the immune system fight off infections. If left untreated, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can't fight off infections and diseases. This advanced stage of HIV infection is called AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
HIV spreads through certain body fluids, most commonly during unprotected sex or by sharing injection drug equipment. It can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. HIV cannot be spread through casual contact like hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food and drinks.
When someone first gets HIV, they might feel like they have the flu. But many people don't have any symptoms at all. Without treatment, HIV weakens the immune system over time, making it harder for the body to fight off infections. The good news is that with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled.
People with HIV who take medicine as prescribed can live long, healthy lives and have effectively no risk of passing HIV to others through sex.
There's no cure for HIV yet, but treatment called antiretroviral therapy (ART) can keep the amount of virus in the body very low. This helps protect the immune system and prevents HIV from progressing to AIDS. People with HIV need to take this medicine every day for it to work effectively. Prevention is also key in fighting HIV. Using condoms during sex, not sharing needles, and taking medicines like PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) if you're at high risk can all help prevent HIV transmission.
Trend
• In the United States, about 1.2 million people are living with HIV.
• In the last five years, approximately 150,000 to 200,000 new HIV diagnoses have been reported in the U.S.
• Looking ahead to the next five years, experts predict that the number of new HIV infections in the U.S. will continue to decrease due to better prevention and treatment methods. However, certain groups remain disproportionately affected, including gay and bisexual men, African Americans, and Hispanics/Latinos.
History
HIV was first identified in 1981 when doctors noticed clusters of rare infections and cancers in young gay men. Initially called GRID, it was renamed AIDS in 1982. In 1983, scientists discovered the virus that causes AIDS, later named HIV.
In the early years, an HIV diagnosis was often a death sentence. But in 1987, the first antiretroviral drug, AZT, was approved. In 1996, a new treatment called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) dramatically improved life expectancy for people with HIV. Over the years, HIV/AIDS became a global epidemic. Awareness increased through public figures like Rock Hudson and Magic Johnson revealing their HIV status.
Today, thanks to advances in treatment and prevention, HIV is a manageable chronic condition for many people, though challenges remain in ensuring access to care and reducing stigma.
• Healthline
• HIV.gov
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It's also known as
• Serum hepatitis
• Type B hepatitis.
What is Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) illness. The virus spreads through contact with infected blood, semen, and other body fluids. It can be passed from a mother to her baby during childbirth.
When someone first gets infected with Hepatitis B, they may have no symptoms at all, or they might feel sick for a few weeks to a few months. This is called Acute Hepatitis B.
Symptoms can include:
• Feeling very tired
• Fever
• Stomach pain
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Yellow skin and eyes (jaundice)
• Dark urine
Most adults who get Hepatitis B recover completely and don't need treatment. Their bodies fight off the virus, and they become immune to it. However, some people, especially young children and babies, can't get rid of the virus. When the infection lasts for more than six months, it's called Chronic Hepatitis B.
Chronic Hepatitis B is a serious condition because it can slowly damage the liver over many years without causing obvious symptoms. This can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer.
The good news is that Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. The vaccine is usually given to babies soon after birth, with additional doses over the next few months. It's also recommended for adults who are at risk of getting infected.
For people who already have Chronic Hepatitis B, there are medicines that can help control the virus and reduce the risk of liver damage. Regular check-ups and liver tests are important to monitor the health of the liver.
Trend
The CDC estimates that in the United States:
• Approximately 862,000 people are living with chronic Hepatitis B
• About 20,000 new acute infections occur each year
History
Although Hepatitis B has existed for thousands of years, it was not identified as a specific disease until the 1960s. Here's a brief timeline:
• 1965: Dr. Baruch Blumberg discovered the hepatitis B surface antigen, which led to identifying the Hepatitis B virus.
• 1969: The first Hepatitis B vaccine was developed but wasn't widely available.
• 1981: The FDA approved a new, safer hepatitis B vaccine from yeast cells.
• 1991: The WHO recommended that all countries include hepatitis B vaccine in their routine immunization programs.
• 1992: The U.S. started recommending hepatitis B vaccination for all infants.
Today: Ongoing research focuses on improving treatments and working towards curing chronic Hepatitis B.
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
• Mount Sinai
• World Health Organization (WHO)
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Hypothyroidism
• Underactive thyroid
• Low thyroid
What is hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones for the body's
needs. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck that produces hormones
that control how your body uses energy. Many body functions slow down when the thyroid doesn't make
enough hormones.
Some common symptoms of hypothyroidism include:
• Feeling tired or having low energy
• Gaining weight
• Feeling cold
• Dry skin and hair
• Constipation
• Depression
• Muscle weakness
• Joint or muscle pain
• Slowed heart rate
Hypothyroidism can be caused by different things, but the most common cause is an autoimmune
condition called Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In this condition, the body's immune system attacks the thyroid
gland, causing it to make less hormone. Other causes can include certain medications, radiation therapy,
thyroid surgery, or insufficient iodine in your diet.
Doctors diagnose hypothyroidism with blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels. The main
treatment for hypothyroidism is taking a daily pill that contains synthetic thyroid hormone. This medicine,
called levothyroxine, replaces the hormone your thyroid isn't making. Most people with hypothyroidism
need to take this medication for the rest of their lives.
It's important to take the right amount of thyroid hormone. Too little will not properly treat hypothyroidism,
while too much can cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Regular blood tests help
doctors adjust the dose as needed. Living with hypothyroidism usually means taking daily medication and
having regular check-ups with your doctor. With proper treatment, most people with hypothyroidism can
live normal, healthy lives.
Trend
• In the United States, about 5 out of 100 people aged 12 years and older have hypothyroidism. This
means approximately 16.5 million Americans have the condition.
• Women are more likely to have hypothyroidism than men, and the risk increases with age.
• Over the last five years, the number of people diagnosed with hypothyroidism has remained relatively
stable. However, some experts believe many cases go undiagnosed, so the actual number could be
higher.
• Looking ahead to the next five years, the number of people with hypothyroidism is expected to increase
slightly. This is partly due to an aging population and improved diagnostic techniques. However, the
increase is not expected to be dramatic.
History
The thyroid gland and its functions were first described in the 1600s, but it wasn't until the late 1800s that
doctors began to understand thyroid disorders. In 1883, a surgeon named Theodor Kocher noticed that
removing the entire thyroid gland led to symptoms we now recognize as hypothyroidism.
In the early 1900s, researchers discovered that giving thyroid extract to patients with hypothyroidism
could treat their symptoms. This was a major breakthrough in treating the condition. In the 1950s,
scientists developed synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine), which is still the standard treatment.
Over the years, blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels have become more accurate, allowing for
earlier and more precise diagnoses of hypothyroidism. Today, research continues to improve our
understanding of thyroid function and to develop new treatments for thyroid disorders.
Source of Information
• American Thyroid Association
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Hearing loss
• Deafness
• Hearing impairment
• Hard of hearing
What is Hearing Loss?
Hearing loss is a condition in which a person's ability to hear sounds is reduced. It can range from mild to profound and affects one or both ears. People with hearing loss may struggle to understand speech, follow conversations, or hear certain sounds.
Types of Hearing Loss
Hearing loss can be categorized in a few different ways, depending on the cause, severity, and affected part of the ear. Here are some main types:
• Age-Related Hearing Loss (Presbycusis): This is the most common type of hearing loss in adults. It develops gradually as we age, typically affecting the ability to hear higher-pitched sounds first
• Conductive Hearing Loss: This type occurs when a problem with the outer or middle ear prevents sound waves from being efficiently conducted to the inner ear. Causes include earwax buildup, middle ear infections, or a perforated eardrum. Conductive hearing loss is often treatable with medication or surgery.
• Sensorineural Hearing Loss: This type is caused by damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the auditory nerve. It's a more permanent form of hearing loss and is often age-related (presbycusis) or caused by noise exposure. Treatment options like hearing aids can help manage sensorineural hearing loss.
• Mixed Hearing Loss: This is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
• Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): This is a neurological disorder where the brain has difficulty processing sounds even though the ears themselves function normally.
Degrees of Hearing Loss
Hearing loss can also be categorized by its severity:
• Mild Hearing Loss: Difficulty hearing faint sounds or understanding speech in noisy environments.
• Moderate Hearing Loss: Difficulty following conversations, especially in noisy places.
• Severe Hearing Loss: Difficulty understanding speech even in quiet settings.
• Profound Hearing Loss: Little to no functional hearing.
Impact on Education:
• Children with severe to profound hearing loss may face challenges in academic achievement.
• Early diagnosis and interventions are crucial for language development and academic success.
• Factors like parental education and age of fitting hearing aids influence language skills and academic outcomes.
Trend
• Around 50 million children globally have mild hearing loss.
• Over 5% of the world's population (430 million people) require rehabilitation for hearing loss.
• By age 75, about 81% of individuals experience some degree of age-related hearing loss.
History of Hearing Loss
• Early mentions of hearing loss date back to ancient Egyptian medical texts like the Ebers Papyrus from 1550 BC. In ancient Greece, deafness was associated with a lack of intelligence due to beliefs linking speech and reasoning.
Sign language development traces back to 10th-century French monks who created a language of signs while maintaining their vow of silence.
Source of Information
• National Association of the Deaf
• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
• National Library of Medicine
• World Health Organization
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Heart Disease
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD); a common type of heart disease
What is Heart Disease?
Heart disease refers to a range of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. The most common type of heart disease is coronary artery disease (CAD), which occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the heart become clogged with plaque, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle. This can result in serious complications like heart attacks and chest pain (angina).
Trend
• Number of People in the US: Heart disease is a significant health concern in the United States, being the leading cause of death. Millions of Americans are affected by various forms of heart disease.
• Number of People Affected in the Last Five Years: Over the past five years, a substantial number of individuals have been diagnosed with heart disease, highlighting its prevalence and impact on public health.
• Five-Year Projection: Projections suggest that the burden of heart disease will continue to be a major health issue in the US, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures and early detection
History of Heart Disease
The history of heart disease dates back centuries, with advancements in medical knowledge and technology significantly improving our understanding and management of this condition. Over time, researchers and healthcare professionals have made remarkable progress in diagnosing, treating, and preventing heart disease.
Historically, heart disease was often misunderstood, leading to limited treatment options and high mortality rates. However, with scientific discoveries and medical breakthroughs, including advancements in surgical techniques and medications, the management of heart disease has evolved significantly.
Today, efforts are focused on raising awareness about risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Public health campaigns emphasize lifestyle modifications like healthy eating habits and regular exercise to reduce the incidence of heart disease.
Through ongoing research and public health initiatives, there is a continuous drive to improve outcomes for individuals living with heart disease and reduce its prevalence in communities worldwide
Source of Information
• Mayo Clinic
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• HCV
What is Hepatitis C?
Hepatitis C is a sickness caused by a virus that hurts your liver. It can make you sick for a short time or a long time. It's a serious problem that can slowly damage your liver.
When someone gets Hepatitis C, they might not feel sick right away. Many people don't even know they have it for a long time.
The virus spreads when the blood of someone who has it mixes with another person's blood. This often happens when people share needles to do drugs.
Before 1992, people could also get it from blood transfusions, but now doctors test all donated blood to ensure its safety.
If you don't treat Hepatitis C, it can really damage your liver. It can cause scars in your liver or even liver cancer. The good news is that doctors now have medicines that can cure most people who have Hepatitis C.
Symptoms of Hepatitis C can include:
• Feeling tired all the time
• Fever
• Nausea or feeling sick to your stomach
• Not feeling hungry
• Stomach pain
• Dark urine
• Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice)
• Joint pain
Since many people with Hepatitis C have not had any symptoms for years or even decades, it's important to get tested if you think you might have been exposed to the virus.
Hepatitis C is diagnosed through blood tests. If someone tests positive, they'll need more tests to see how much the virus has affected their liver.
Treatment usually involves taking antiviral medications for 8 to 12 weeks. These new treatments are very effective, with cure rates of over 95% for most people.
Trend
• In the United States, about 2.4 million people are living with Hepatitis C. This number has decreased from previous years due to better treatments and prevention efforts.
• Over the last five years, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 new cases of Hepatitis C have been reported in the U.S.
• Looking ahead to the next five years, experts predict that the number of people with Hepatitis C in the U.S. will continue to decrease. This is because of improved screening, more effective treatments, and efforts to prevent new infections. However, the exact numbers are hard to predict because many people with hepatitis C don't know they have it.
History
Hepatitis C was first identified in the 1970s, but scientists didn't discover the virus that causes it until 1989. Before that, it was known as "non-A, non-B hepatitis" because doctors knew it was different from hepatitis A and B, but they didn't know what caused it.
In the past, hepatitis C was often spread through blood transfusions and organ transplants. However, since 1992, all donated blood in the U.S. has been tested for the virus, making this transmission very rare.
For many years, treating Hepatitis C was difficult. The old treatments had many side effects and weren't very effective. However, in 2013, new medicines called direct-acting antivirals were introduced. These drugs revolutionized hepatitis C treatment, making it possible to cure most people with fewer side effects.
Today, the focus is on finding and treating people who don't know they have Hepatitis C, as well as preventing new infections, especially among people who inject drugs.
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• Mayo Clinic
• Medline Plus
• World Health Organization (WHO)
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Influenza
• Flu
• Seasonal flu to distinguish it from other types of flu, such as avian flu or swine flu
What is Influenza?
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It affects the nose, throat, and
sometimes the lungs. The flu can cause mild to severe illness, and at times, it can lead to death. The flu
is different from a cold. The flu usually comes on suddenly, while a cold develops more gradually.
Common symptoms of the flu include:
• Fever or feeling feverish/chills
• Cough
• Sore throat
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Muscle or body aches
• Headaches
• Fatigue (tiredness)
• Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than adults.
The flu spreads mainly by tiny droplets made when people with the flu cough, sneeze, or talk. These
droplets can land in the mouths or noses of nearby people. Less often, a person might get the flu by
touching a surface or object with the flu virus and then touching their own mouth, nose, or eyes. Most
people who get the flu will recover in a few days to less than two weeks, but some will develop
complications (such as pneumonia) due to the flu, some of which can be life-threatening and result in
death. Pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus infections, and ear infections are examples of complications from the
flu.
The flu can also make chronic health problems worse. For example, people with asthma may experience
asthma attacks while they have the flu, and people with chronic heart disease may experience a
worsening of this condition triggered by the flu.
The best way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year. Flu vaccines cause antibodies to
develop in the body about two weeks after vaccination. These antibodies protect against infection with
the viruses in the vaccine.
Trend
• In the United States, the flu affects millions yearly.
• According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the flu has caused between 9
million and 41 million illnesses, between 140,000 and 710,000 hospitalizations, and between 12,000 and
52,000 deaths annually between 2010 and 2020.
• Over the last five years, the number of flu cases has varied yearly, mainly depending on the flu
vaccine's effectiveness and the virus's circulating strains. For example, during the 2019-2020 flu season,
the CDC estimated about 38 million flu illnesses, 18 million flu-related medical visits, 400,000 flu
hospitalizations, and 22,000 flu deaths.
• Looking ahead to the next five years, experts predict that the number of flu cases will fluctuate annually.
The flu virus changes constantly, so the flu vaccine is updated yearly to protect against the most common
strains. Public health efforts to increase vaccination rates and improve vaccine effectiveness are
ongoing.
History
The flu has been around for centuries, with the first recorded flu pandemic occurring in 1580. The most
famous flu pandemic was the Spanish flu of 1918-1919, which infected about one-third of the world's
population and caused an estimated 50 million deaths worldwide.
Several other flu pandemics occurred in the 20th century, including the Asian flu in 1957, the Hong Kong
flu in 1968, and the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic in 2009. Each of these pandemics was caused by a new
strain of the flu virus to which people had little or no immunity.
The development of the flu vaccine in the 1940s was a major milestone in the fight against the flu. Since
then, annual flu vaccination has become the primary method of preventing flu and its complications.
Public health campaigns continue to promote flu vaccination and other preventive measures, such as
handwashing and covering coughs and sneezes, to reduce the spread of the flu.
Source of Information
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• IBS
• In the past, it has been known by other names like colitis, mucous colitis, spastic colon, nervous colon,
and spastic bowel.
What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a common digestive problem that affects the stomach and intestines. It's a
group of symptoms that happen together, including repeated pain in your belly and changes in your
bowel movements. These changes can be diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is different from other digestive diseases because there's no visible damage or disease in your
digestive tract. It's called a functional disorder, which is related to problems with how your brain and gut
work together. This can make your gut more sensitive and change how the muscles in your bowel move.
There are three main types of IBS:
• IBS with constipation (IBS-C)
• IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D)
• IBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M)
• The most common symptoms of IBS include:
• Belly pain or discomfort
• Changes in how often you have bowel movements
• Changes in how your poop looks
• Bloating
• Gas
• Feeling like you haven't finished a bowel movement
Some people with IBS may also have other health problems like headaches, trouble sleeping, anxiety,
depression, or chronic pain conditions. Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes IBS, but it might be
related to:
• How sensitive your gut nerves are
• Stress or anxiety
• Certain foods
• Infections in your digestive system
• Changes in your gut bacteria
IBS can be frustrating to deal with, but it doesn't cause lasting harm to your intestines or lead to more
serious diseases like cancer. Treatment usually focuses on managing symptoms through diet changes,
stress reduction, and sometimes medication.
Trend
• In the United States, about 12% of people have IBS. This means approximately 25 to 45 million
Americans are affected by IBS.
• IBS is a chronic condition, so many people who have it will continue to experience symptoms over time.
History
IBS has likely affected people for centuries, but it wasn't well understood until recently. In the early
1900s, doctors started recognizing a condition with bowel symptoms but no visible damage to the
intestines. They called it different names, like "spastic colon" or "nervous colon."
In the 1970s, the term "irritable bowel syndrome" became more common. Over time, doctors have
learned more about IBS and how to diagnose and treat it. Today, we know that IBS is a real medical
condition involving complex interactions between the gut and the brain, not just something "all in your
head" as some people used to think.
Source of Information
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Kidney Disease
• Renal Disease
• Nephropathy
What is Kidney Disease?
Kidney disease is when the kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood as well as they should.
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on either side of your spine, just below your rib cage.
They are crucial in removing waste and extra fluid from your blood, balancing minerals and electrolytes,
making hormones that control blood pressure, producing red blood cells, and keeping your bones
healthy.
There are two main types of kidney disease:
• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): This is a long-term condition in which the kidneys gradually lose
function over time. It can be caused by conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure. CKD
progresses through five stages, with the final stage being kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal
disease (ESRD). At this stage, the kidneys can no longer function on their own, and treatment options
include dialysis or a kidney transplant.
• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): This is a sudden loss of kidney function, often caused by an injury, severe
infection, or certain medications. AKI can sometimes be reversed if treated quickly.
Common symptoms of kidney disease include:
• Fatigue and weakness
• Swelling in the ankles, feet, or hands
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea and vomiting
• Trouble sleeping
• Changes in how much you urinate
• Muscle cramps
• Itchy skin
Kidney disease can lead to serious complications, such as high blood pressure, anemia, weak bones,
nerve damage, and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause fluid buildup in the body, leading to
swelling and shortness of breath.
Trend
• In the United States, about 37 million people have chronic kidney disease (CKD). This means
approximately 1 in 7 American adults are affected by CKD.
• However, many people with CKD are not aware they have it because the early stages often have no
symptoms.
• Over the last five years, the number of people diagnosed with CKD has been increasing, partly due to
rising rates of diabetes and high blood pressure, which are major risk factors for kidney disease.
• Projections for the next five years suggest that the number of people with CKD will continue to rise,
especially as the population ages and the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension increases.
History
Kidney disease has been recognized for centuries. Ancient Egyptian and Greek texts mention symptoms
that resemble kidney disease. In the 19th century, doctors began to understand more about the kidneys'
role in filtering blood and producing urine. "Bright's disease" was used to describe various kidney
conditions, named after Dr. Richard Bright, who studied kidney disease in the early 1800s.
In the 20th century, advances in medical science led to a better understanding of kidney function and the
development of treatments like dialysis and kidney transplants. The discovery of the link between high
blood pressure, diabetes, and kidney disease has helped in the prevention and management of CKD.
Today, kidney disease is a major public health issue, with ongoing research focused on finding better
treatments and ways to prevent the disease.
Source of Information
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
• Medscape
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
• National Kidney Foundation
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• PUD
What is Peptic Ulcer Disease?
Peptic ulcer disease is a condition in which open sores develop in the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). Depending on where the ulcers form, they are sometimes called stomach ulcers or duodenal ulcers.
Peptic ulcers are like small wounds in the protective lining of your digestive system. Imagine your stomach and intestines have a special coating to protect them from the strong acids that help digest food. When this coating gets damaged, the acids can eat away at the tissue underneath, creating sores or ulcers. These ulcers can cause a burning or gnawing pain in your belly, especially between meals or at night. Some people might feel full quickly when eating, experience bloating, or have heartburn. In more severe cases, ulcers can lead to bleeding, which might appear as dark, tarry stools or vomiting blood.
The two leading causes of peptic ulcers are:
• An infection with a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
• Long-term use of certain pain medications called NSAIDs (like aspirin or ibuprofen).
Contrary to popular belief, stress and spicy foods don't cause ulcers but can worsen symptoms.
Doctors can diagnose peptic ulcers through various tests, including blood, breath, and stool tests, or by looking inside your stomach with a tiny camera (endoscopy). Treatment usually involves medications to reduce stomach acid and, if H. pylori is present, antibiotics to kill the bacteria.
Most peptic ulcers heal with proper treatment, but it's essential to follow your doctor's instructions and avoid things that might irritate your stomach, like alcohol and smoking.
Trend
• In the United States, about 4 million people have active peptic ulcers.
• About 350,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.
• Over the last five years, approximately 1.75 million people have been diagnosed with peptic ulcers.
• Looking ahead five years, the number of people with peptic ulcers is expected to remain relatively stable or decrease slightly. This is because of better treatments for H. pylori infections and increased awareness about the risks of long-term NSAID use. However, an aging population might lead to a small increase in cases.
History
Peptic ulcers have been known for centuries, but their cause has been a mystery for a long time. In the past, doctors thought stress and diet were the leading causes. They often prescribed bland diets and rest.
A big breakthrough came in the 1980s when two Australian doctors, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, discovered that H. pylori bacteria could cause ulcers. At first, other doctors didn't believe them. To prove it, Dr. Marshall drank a mixture containing H. pylori and developed an ulcer himself! This discovery changed how we treat ulcers. Instead of just managing symptoms, doctors could now cure many ulcers by treating the underlying bacterial infection. This work was so crucial that Marshall and Warren won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2005.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the Condition and Other Names It’s Known By
• FMS - Fibromyalgia Syndrome
• FM - as an informal nickname
What is Fibromyalgia?
Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder that causes widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep, memory, and mood issues. Since the pain can be all over the body, it’s also called widespread pain. Fibromyalgia also causes sleep problems, fatigue, and emotional and mental distress.
People with fibromyalgia may be more sensitive to pain than people without fibromyalgia. The brain and nervous system process pain signals differently in people with fibromyalgia, leading to increased pain perception.
Fibromyalgia can affect individuals of all racial and ethnic backgrounds. It's more prevalent in women and can occur at any age, including childhood. While it can develop at any time, the likelihood of experiencing fibromyalgia tends to increase with age, with the most common onset occurring during middle age.
The cause of fibromyalgia is not known, but it can be effectively treated and managed.
How is Fibromyalgia Diagnosed?
• Doctors look for widespread pain lasting at least three months, occurring on both sides of the body and above and below the waist.
• They might check for tender points where pressing on certain spots on the body hurts significantly.
• Doctors will inquire about other symptoms like fatigue, sleep problems, and cognitive issues.
• Blood tests and other examinations are often performed to rule out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms.
How is Fibromyalgia Treated?
• Exercise: Regular physical activity can help reduce pain and improve overall well-being.
• Talking Therapies: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) can help manage pain and improve quality of life.
• Medicines: Doctors might prescribe drugs like pregabalin, duloxetine, or milnacipran, which are approved for fibromyalgia. Other medications like antidepressants or pain relievers might also be used.
• Self-Care: Learning about fibromyalgia, managing stress, and ensuring adequate rest can make a big difference.
• Physical Therapy: Techniques and exercises designed to improve mobility and reduce pain.
• Stress Reduction: Practices like meditation, yoga, or tai chi.
Trend In the United States
• It's estimated that around 4 million adults are living with fibromyalgia.
• It is more common in people assigned female at birth and those older than 40.
• Five-year projection: The number of people with fibromyalgia might increase as awareness and diagnosis improve.
History
Fibromyalgia has been recognized for a long time, but it wasn't officially termed "fibromyalgia" until 1976. Before that, it was referred to as "muscular rheumatism" or "fibrositis." In the 1970s, doctors began to understand the condition better, noting the widespread pain and tender points.
Over the years, advancements have been made in understanding how fibromyalgia affects the brain and body, leading to improved diagnostic and treatment methods.
Source of Information
• American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)
• Arthritis Foundation
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Cleveland Clinic
• Harvard Medical School, Harvard Health Publishing
• Mayo Clinic
• Mount Sinai
• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
• National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Spinal Cord Compression
• Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy, is when it occurs in the neck area
What is Myelopathy of the Spine?
Myelopathy of the spine is when the spinal cord gets squeezed or compressed.
The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that runs down your back inside the spine. It's like a highway that carries messages between your brain and the rest of your body. When the spinal cord gets squeezed, it can't do its job properly, which can cause various problems.
There are different types of myelopathy depending on where in the spine it happens:
• Cervical myelopathy: This is the most common type and happens in the neck area.
• Thoracic myelopathy: This occurs in the middle of the back.
• Lumbar myelopathy: This is rare and happens in the lower back.
• Myelopathy can be caused by different things:
• As people age, their spine can wear down (called spondylosis), leading to myelopathy.
• Injuries to the spine
• Tumors or infections pressing on the spinal cord
• Some people are born with a narrow spinal canal, which can lead to myelopathy later in life
Symptoms of myelopathy can include:
• Pain in the neck, arms, legs, or lower back
• Numbness or tingling feelings
• Weakness in arms or legs
• Trouble with balance and walking
• Difficulty with fine motor skills, like writing or buttoning a shirt
• In severe cases, problems with bladder or bowel control
Doctors diagnose myelopathy by:
• Performing physical exams
• Examining the spine with tests like MRI scans
Treatment
• Usually involves surgery to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord
• Doctors might sometimes try non-surgical treatments, like physical therapy or medication, to reduce pain and inflammation
• It's important to treat myelopathy early because, if left untreated, it can cause permanent damage to the spinal cord. With proper treatment, many people with myelopathy can improve their symptoms and quality of life.
Trend
• Myelopathy, especially cervical spondylotic myelopathy, is more common in older adults, but exact numbers or projections are unavailable.
History
The understanding of myelopathy has evolved over time.
Doctors first described the symptoms of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in the late 19th century, however, they didn't fully understand what caused it.
In the mid-20th century, as medical imaging techniques like X-rays improved, doctors began to realize that changes in the spine were causing pressure on the spinal cord.
The development of MRI scans in the 1970s and 1980s was a big step forward. They allowed doctors to see the spinal cord and surrounding structures in much more detail, leading to better diagnosis and treatment of myelopathy.
Today, researchers continue studying myelopathy to improve diagnosis and develop new treatments.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Hodgkin's Lymphoma
What is Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that starts in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's immune system. It begins when a type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte changes and grows out of control. These abnormal cells can form tumors in lymph nodes and other parts of the body.
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, tissues, and organs that helps fight infections and remove toxins from the body. It includes lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped organs found throughout the body, especially in the neck, armpits, and groin.
Hodgkin lymphoma is different from other types of lymphoma because it involves a specific type of cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. These large, abnormal cells are found in the lymph nodes of people with Hodgkin lymphoma.
This cancer can affect people of any age, but it's most common in young adults (ages 15-40) and older adults (over 55). It's slightly more common in males than females.
The exact cause of Hodgkin lymphoma isn't known, but certain factors may increase the risk:
• Having a weakened immune system
• Past infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (which causes mono)
• Family history of the disease
Symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma can include:
• Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin
• Fever
• Night sweats
• Unexplained weight loss
• Itchy skin
• Fatigue
How is it diagnosed?
• Physical exam: The doctor checks for swollen lymph nodes and other signs of illness.
• Blood tests: To check overall health and look for signs of cancer.
• Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, or PET scans to look for enlarged lymph nodes or other signs of cancer.
• Lymph node biopsy: A sample of lymph node tissue is removed and examined under a microscope.
• Bone marrow biopsy: A small sample of bone marrow is taken to check for cancer cells.
How is it treated?
• Chemotherapy: Drugs that kill cancer cells throughout the body.
• Radiation therapy: High-energy beams to kill cancer cells in a specific area.
• Immunotherapy: Drugs that help the immune system fight cancer.
• Targeted therapy: Drugs that attack specific parts of cancer cells.
• Stem cell transplant: For some cases that don't respond to other treatments.
Trend
• Number of people in the US that have it: About 8,830 new cases were expected in 2021.
• Number of people that have had it in the last five years: Approximately 40,000-45,000 people.
• Five-year projection: The number of new cases is expected to remain relatively stable.
History
Hodgkin lymphoma was first described in 1832 by Thomas Hodgkin, a British doctor. At that time, it was called "Hodgkin's disease."
For many years, it was considered incurable. In the 1950s and 1960s, new treatments like radiation therapy and chemotherapy were developed, dramatically improving survival rates.
In the 1970s, a combination chemotherapy regimen called MOPP became the first treatment to cure a large number of patients. Since then, newer treatments have continued to improve outcomes and reduce side effects.
Today, Hodgkin lymphoma is considered one of the most curable forms of cancer, with many patients achieving long-term remission or cure.
• American Cancer Society
• National Cancer Institute
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Little's Disease
• Static Encephalopathy (not a common name anymore)
What is Cerebral Palsy?
Cerebral Palsy is a collection of conditions that impact how a person moves and keeps their balance. It happens because of damage to the brain or unusual brain development, often occurring before birth. It is the most common motor disability seen in children.
How is it diagnosed?
• Doctors observe the child's movement and development
• They check muscle tone and reflexes
• Brain scans like MRI might be used
• Blood tests to rule out other conditions
• Hearing and vision tests
• A definite diagnosis may not be made until the child is 18 months to 5 years old
How is it treated?
• Physical therapy to improve movement and strength
• Occupational therapy to help with daily activities
• Speech therapy if there are problems with talking or swallowing
• Medications to relax stiff muscles
• Braces or other devices to help with movement
• Surgery in some cases to improve mobility
Trend
• In the United States, about 764,000 children and adults currently have Cerebral Palsy
• About 1 in 345 children has been identified with it
History
Cerebral Palsy has been recognized for a long time, but our understanding of it has evolved.
In the past, it was often associated with difficult births. Today, we know that it can be caused by various factors affecting brain development before, during, or shortly after birth.
Scientists now think that only a small number of CP cases are caused by lack of oxygen during birth.
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Foundation
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
• National Library of Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
What is Flatback Syndrome?
Flatback Syndrome is a problem with the spine in which the lower back loses its normal inward curve. In a healthy spine, natural curves help balance the body and keep us standing upright. The lower back usually curves inward, which is called lordosis. When someone has Flatback Syndrome, this curve straightens out or becomes flat.
This flattening causes the upper body to lean forward, making it hard for the person to stand straight. Imagine trying to balance a tall stack of books - if the bottom book is slightly tilted, the whole stack leans over. That's similar to what happens with the spine in Flatback Syndrome.
People with this condition often feel pain in their lower back, legs, and sometimes even their neck. They might have trouble standing for long periods and feel like they always fall forward. As the day goes on, their symptoms usually worsen because their muscles tire from trying to keep them upright.
Flatback Syndrome can happen for different reasons. Sometimes it's caused by spine surgery that didn't maintain the proper curve. Other times, it can be due to diseases that affect the spine, like arthritis or osteoporosis. As people age, normal wear and tear on the spine can also lead to this condition.
Living with Flatback Syndrome can be challenging. Simple tasks like standing in line at the grocery store or walking around a mall can become painful and tiring. People with this condition often need to lean on things for support or use a cane to help them balance. Over time, if not treated, it can seriously affect a person's quality of life and ability to do everyday activities.
How is it diagnosed?
• Doctors ask about symptoms and medical history
• Physical exam to check posture and spine alignment
• X-rays of the whole spine while standing up
• MRI scans to see detailed images of the spine
• CT scans for a closer look at the bones
• Measuring the angle of the spine's curve
• Checking how far the head leans forward
• Assessing balance and walking ability
How is it treated?
• Physical therapy to strengthen back and core muscles
• Exercises to improve posture and flexibility
• Pain medications to manage discomfort
• Spinal injections to reduce inflammation
• Using a cane or walker for support
• Wearing a back brace to help with posture
• Surgery to restore the spine's curve (in severe cases)
• Spinal fusion to stabilize the spine after surgery
Trend
• Specific metrics aren’t available since this condition isn't as common or well-tracked as other spine problems.
• It's often a result of other spine issues or surgeries, which makes it hard to count exactly how many people have it.
• Also, some people might have mild cases that aren't diagnosed.
History
Flatback Syndrome was first noticed in the 1970s in patients who had surgery for scoliosis (curved spine). Doctors used metal rods to straighten the spine, but this sometimes flattened the lower back too much. As spine surgery techniques improved, this became less common.
However, doctors realized that other things could cause Flatback Syndrome, like certain diseases or aging. Over time, they've developed better ways to diagnose and treat it.
Today, spine specialists understand more about how important the spine's natural curves are for posture and comfort. When treating spine problems, they now focus on preserving or restoring these curves.
• American Association of Neurological Surgeons
• Columbia Neurosurgery
• Hospital for Special Surgery
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Mayo Clinic
• Yale Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• NHL
• Lymphoma
What is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is a type of cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the body's immune system. These cells are found in lymph nodes, the spleen, bone marrow, and other parts of the body. When someone has NHL, their lymphocytes grow and multiply uncontrollably, forming tumors in lymph tissues.
There are many different types of NHL, with over 60 subtypes in total. These can be broadly categorized into two main groups:
• B-cell lymphomas. About 85-90% of NHL cases are B-cell lymphomas.
• T-cell lymphomas
The disease can be classified as aggressive (fast-growing) or indolent (slow-growing).
NHL usually starts in lymph nodes or other lymph tissue, but it can sometimes affect the skin or other organs. The symptoms can vary depending on where the cancer develops, but common signs include:
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Fever
• Night sweats (drenching)
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
The exact cause of NHL is unknown, but several risk factors have been identified. These include:
• Weakened immune system
• Certain infections (like Epstein-Barr virus or HIV)
• Exposure to certain chemicals
• Older age; NHL is more common in adults over 60, though it can occur at any age
Doctors diagnose NHL through a combination of
• Physical exams
• Blood tests
• Imaging studies (like CT scans)
• Biopsies of affected tissue
The type and stage of NHL determine the treatment approach. Common treatments include
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Targeted drug therapy
• And in some cases, stem cell transplants
The prognosis for NHL varies widely depending on the specific type and how advanced it is when diagnosed. Some slow-growing types might not need immediate treatment and can be managed with a "watch and wait" approach. Other fast-growing types require prompt and aggressive treatment. Thanks to advances in treatment, many people with NHL are living longer and have a better quality of life than in the past.
Trend
• In the United States, the NHL is the sixth most common cancer.
• The American Cancer Society estimates that about 80,470 people (44,120 males and 36,350 females) will be diagnosed with NHL in 2022.
• As for the number of people living with NHL in the US, it's estimated that over 700,000 people are living with, or in remission from, NHL in the United States as of 2022.
• In the last five years (2017-2021), approximately 375,000 new cases of NHL were diagnosed in the United States.
• Looking ahead five years, if current trends continue, we might expect to see around 85,000-90,000 new cases of NHL diagnosed annually in the US by 2027.
History
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma was first described in the 1800s, but it wasn't until the 1960s that it was clearly distinguished from Hodgkin lymphoma. The term "non-Hodgkin lymphoma" was coined to group together all lymphomas that weren't Hodgkin lymphoma.
Over the years, our understanding of NHL has greatly improved, leading to better classification systems and more effective treatments. In the 1970s and 1980s, new chemotherapy regimens improved survival rates. The 1990s saw the introduction of targeted therapies like rituximab, which revolutionized treatment for many B-cell lymphomas.
Ongoing research continues to refine our understanding of NHL and develop new treatment strategies, including immunotherapies and personalized medicine approaches.
• American Cancer Society
• Cleveland Clinic
• Leukemia & Lymphoma Society
• Mayo Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. It happens when normal cells in the cervix begin to change and grow out of control, forming a tumor. These changes usually happen slowly over time.
There are two main types of cervical cancer:
• Squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type, making up about 80-90% of cervical cancers. It starts in the flat, thin cells (called squamous cells) that line the outer part of the cervix.
• Adenocarcinoma: This type develops in the glandular cells lining the cervix's inner part. It's less common, accounting for about 10-20% of cervical cancers.
• Sometimes, cervical cancer can have features of both types, which is called adenosquamous carcinoma or mixed carcinoma.
Before cancer develops, the cells go through a stage called dysplasia, where abnormal cells appear in the cervical tissue. These precancerous changes are often found during routine Pap tests. If not treated, these abnormal cells can eventually become cancer cells and spread deeper into the cervix and surrounding areas.
The main cause of cervical cancer is a long-lasting infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common virus that spreads through skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual activity. While most people with HPV never develop cervical cancer, it's important to get regular screenings and practice safe sex to reduce the risk.
Other risk factors for cervical cancer include:
• Smoking
• Having a weakened immune system
• Having multiple sexual partners
• Starting sexual activity at a young age
• Taking birth control pills for a long time
• Having given birth to many children
Symptoms of early cervical cancer are often not noticeable, which is why regular screenings are so important. As the cancer grows, symptoms may include:
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Pain during sex
• Pelvic pain
Cervical cancer is usually diagnosed through a combination of tests, including:
• Pap test
• HPV test
• Colposcopy (a procedure to closely examine the cervix)
• Biopsy (taking a small sample of tissue to examine under a microscope)
Treatment for cervical cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and may include:
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted therapy
• Immunotherapy
Trend
• In the United States, about 13,960 new cases of invasive cervical cancer are expected to be diagnosed in 2023.
• Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, with around 660,000 new cases in 2022.
• The highest rates of cervical cancer are found in low- and middle-income countries.
• The amount of new cases has been declining due to improved prevention and early detection methods.
History
Cervical cancer was once one of the most common causes of cancer death for women in the United States. However, the widespread use of the Pap test for cervical cancer screening starting in the 1950s has significantly reduced the number of cases and deaths.
In the 1980s, researchers discovered the link between HPV and cervical cancer, leading to the development of HPV vaccines. The first HPV vaccine was approved in 2006, providing another powerful tool for prevention.
Today, cervical cancer is often caught early and is more treatable than ever before, thanks to advances in screening, vaccination, and treatment methods.
Source of Information
• National Cancer Institute
• World Health Organization
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Color Vision Deficiency (CVD)
What is Color Vision Deficiency (CVD)?
Color Vision Deficiency (CVD), often called color blindness, is when someone can't see specific colors like most people do.
Special parts in the back of the eye called cones pick up red, blue, or green light. People with CVD are missing some or all of these cones. If just one cone is missing, it might be hard to tell the difference between red and green or between blue and yellow.
The worst form of CVD is achromatopsia, in which a person can't see any color at all, and everything looks like shades of gray. The vision in people with achromatopsia is also blurry.
Most people with CVD inherit it from their parents. It's more common in males than females. Sometimes, CVD can develop later due to eye diseases, injuries, or as a side effect of certain medicines.
Living with CVD can make tasks like picking ripe fruits, reading color-coded information, or matching clothes challenging. While there's no cure for inherited CVD, special glasses and contact lenses can help some people see color differences more clearly.
Different Types of CVD
Red-green color vision deficiency
This is the most common type. It makes it hard to tell the difference between red and green.
There are four types:
• Deuteranomaly: Makes certain shades of green look more red.
• Protanomaly: It makes certain shades of red look greener and less bright.
• Protanopia and deuteranopia: Both make someone unable to distinguish between red and green.
Blue-yellow color vision deficiency
This type makes it hard to tell the difference between several different color combinations:
There are two types:
• Tritanomaly: It makes it hard to distinguish between blue and green, and yellow and red.
• Tritanopia: Makes someone unable to tell the difference between blue and green, purple and red, and yellow and pink. It also makes colors look less bright.
Complete color vision deficiency
This is rare and is also called monochromacy or achromatopsia.
People with this type can't see colors at all.
How is it diagnosed?
• Ishihara Colorblindness Test: This test uses plates with colored dots in patterns. Numbers or shapes are hidden in these patterns. People with CVD might see different numbers or no numbers compared to those with normal color vision.
• Anomaloscope Examination: This device measures how well a person can match different colors to diagnose red-green color blindness.
• Hue Test: You arrange blocks of different colors in rainbow order. If you have trouble, you might have a type of CVD.
How is it treated?
• There is no cure for Inherited CVD:
• Glasses and Contacts: Special eyeglasses or contact lenses can help people with CVD tell the difference between colors by increasing the contrast between colors.
• Gene Therapy: Ongoing trials for achromatopsia aim to improve vision, but it's not yet widely available.
• Visual Aids: Some apps and devices help people with CVD interpret colors better.
Trend
• Number of people in the US that have it: About 1 in 12 boys and 1 in 200 girls have some form of CVD.
• Number of people that have had it in the last five years: Since CVD is primarily genetic, the number of people affected remains relatively stable.
• Five-year projection: The prevalence of CVD is expected to remain consistent, with no significant changes anticipated.
History
John Dalton, who was colorblind, published the first scientific account of color blindness in 1798. His paper describing his vision deficiency brought attention to the condition.
Over time, researchers developed various tests, like the Ishihara plates in the early 20th century, to diagnose CVD. Advancements in genetics have since deepened our understanding of inherited color vision deficiencies.
Today, while there's no cure for genetic CVD, tools like specially designed glasses and digital apps assist those affected in distinguishing colors more effectively.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology
• American Optometric Association
• Mayo Clinic
• National Eye Institute
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Epithelial ovarian carcinoma
• Germ cell tumors
What is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries, which are small organs in the female body that produce eggs and hormones. Ovarian cancer happens when the cells in the ovaries start to grow out of control. These cells can form a lump called a tumor. If not treated, the cancer can spread to other parts of the body.
There are three main types of ovarian cancer:
• Epithelial Ovarian Carcinomas: This is the most common type, making up about 85-90% of ovarian cancers. It starts in the cells on the surface of the ovary. This type often spreads to other areas in the abdomen.
• Germ Cell Tumors: These are rare and make up less than 2% of ovarian cancers. They start in the cells that produce eggs. Germ cell tumors usually affect younger women and can often be treated successfully.
• Stromal Cell Tumors: These are rare and account for about 1% of ovarian cancers. They start in the tissue that makes hormones and supports the ovaries. Stromal tumors are often found early and can usually be treated well.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer can be difficult to detect early because its symptoms are often mistaken for other, less serious conditions. Here are some common signs to watch out for:
• Bloating or a swollen tummy that doesn't go away
• Feeling full quickly when eating, or not feeling hungry
• Pain in your belly or pelvis
• Needing to pee more often or more urgently than usual
• Changes in your bowel habits, like constipation
• Unexplained weight loss
• Feeling very tired all the time
• Back pain
• Pain during sex
• Changes in your periods, like heavier bleeding or irregular cycles
Having these symptoms doesn't always mean you have ovarian cancer. But if you notice any of these signs lasting for more than two weeks, it's a good idea to talk to a doctor. Early detection is key in fighting ovarian cancer.
Additional Considerations
• Risk factors: Age, family history, and BRCA gene mutations can increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
Screening: While there's no definitive screening test, pelvic exams and transvaginal ultrasounds can aid in early detection.
• Follow-up care: Regular checkups after treatment are essential to monitor for recurrence.
Treatments
If someone is diagnosed with ovarian cancer, there are several ways doctors can treat it:
• Surgery: This is usually the first step. A surgeon removes the cancer from the body. They might take out the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and sometimes the uterus too.
• Chemotherapy: This treatment uses strong medicines to kill or stop cancer cells from growing. It's often given after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.
• Targeted therapy: These are newer drugs that attack specific parts of cancer cells. They can sometimes work when regular chemotherapy doesn't.
• Immunotherapy: This treatment helps your body's own immune system fight the cancer.
Hormone therapy: For some types of ovarian cancer, doctors might use medicines that block hormones that help the cancer grow.
• Radiation therapy: This treatment uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. It's not used as often for ovarian cancer as the other treatments.
The doctor will choose the best treatment plan based on several factors, including the stage and type of cancer, and the patient's overall health. Often, a combination of these treatments works best.
Trend
• Ovarian cancer is the eighth most common cancer among women in the United States. In 2023, about 19,710 women are expected to be diagnosed with this cancer.
• Around 100,000 women in the United States have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer in the last five years. This includes both new cases and women who have had the cancer come back.
• In the next five years, the number of new ovarian cancer cases is expected to stay about the same, with around 20,000 new cases each year.
• New treatments and better ways to find the cancer early may help more women survive.
History
Ovarian cancer has been known for a long time, but we have learned a lot about it in recent years.
In the early 1900s, many women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer at later stages, making it harder to treat. In the 1970s, new treatments like chemotherapy improved how doctors could help patients. In the 1990s, scientists discovered certain genes, like BRCA1 and BRCA2, that can increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
Today, researchers are working hard to find better ways to detect and treat ovarian cancer, helping women live longer and healthier lives.
Source of Information
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Thyroid Carcinoma
What is Thyroid Cancer?
Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland at the base of your neck, just below the Adam's apple. This gland is important because it makes hormones that help control your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight.
In thyroid cancer, the normal cells in the thyroid gland start to change and grow out of control, forming a tumor.
There are several types of thyroid cancer:
• Papillary thyroid cancer: This is the most common type, making up about 80% of all thyroid cancers. It usually grows slowly and can often be cured.
• Follicular thyroid cancer: This type accounts for about 10-15% of thyroid cancers. It also tends to grow slowly and has a good chance of being cured.
• Medullary thyroid cancer: This is a rare type that starts in special cells in the thyroid called C cells. It makes up about 2% of thyroid cancers.
• Anaplastic thyroid cancer: This is the rarest and most aggressive type, making up less than 2% of thyroid cancers. It grows and spreads quickly.
Most thyroid cancers don't cause any signs or symptoms early on. As the cancer grows, you might notice:
• A lump or swelling in your neck
• Pain in your neck or throat
• Trouble swallowing
• Changes in your voice, like hoarseness
• Swollen lymph nodes in your neck
Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes thyroid cancer, but some things can increase your risk:
• Being exposed to high levels of radiation
• Having certain genetic conditions
• Not getting enough iodine in your diet
• Being female (women are more likely to get thyroid cancer than men)
• Being older (most cases are found in people over 40)
To diagnose thyroid cancer, doctors usually:
• Feel your neck for any lumps
• Do blood tests to check your thyroid hormone levels
• Use ultrasound to look at your thyroid
• Do a biopsy, where they take a small sample of the thyroid to check for cancer cells
Treatment for thyroid cancer depends on the type and stage of cancer but often includes:
• Surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland
• Radioactive iodine treatment to kill any remaining cancer cells
• Thyroid hormone therapy to replace the hormones your body no longer makes
• In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy
Most thyroid cancers grow slowly and can be cured with treatment. Even for cancers that can't be cured, treatments can help control the disease for a long time.
Trend
• In the United States, about 43,720 new cases of thyroid cancer (11,270 in men and 32,450 in women) were expected to be diagnosed in 2023.
• The number of thyroid cancer cases has been increasing over the past several decades. This is partly due to better detection methods that can find small thyroid cancers that might have been missed in the past.
History
Thyroid cancer was first described in the medical literature in the late 1800s.
In the early 1900s, doctors began using radiation to treat various conditions in children, not realizing it could increase the risk of thyroid cancer later in life. This led to an increase in thyroid cancer cases in the mid-1900s. The link between radiation exposure and thyroid cancer was discovered in the 1950s.
In the 1970s and 1980s, new surgical techniques and treatments like radioactive iodine therapy greatly improved outcomes for thyroid cancer patients.
More recently, advances in genetic testing have helped identify people at higher risk for certain types of thyroid cancer, allowing for earlier detection and treatment.
• American Cancer Society
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
As an athlete for over 30 years, and avid cyclist at 60+ years old, I would never have thought bloood clots were a concern. Unfortunatley, I kne nothing about them or the seriouos nature if they progress into Pulomary Embolism, (clots that travel from the lower legs and eventually get lodged in the lungs) or for some can the clots can proceed to the brain and cause a stroke.
My exprience happened slowly towards the end of Covid going into early 2021. For few weeks where I felt a pinch in my left calf muscle at first. Being an avid cyclist I assumed it was a slight muscle pull from riding or just a calf pull fom stairs or something. I ignored it and figured it would go away. After a few weeks I began to expereince pains in my lateral upper rib cage which I again laid off to my gym workouts and soreness as an older athlete. Finally in the last 1-2 weeks I began to expereince anxiety and breathing issues upon waking in the morning. I though maybe I had Covid or something and would recover.
Then one morning around 9-10 AM, I realized it was getting worse, so I called my wife to take to the ER which was 30 minutes away as I am a Veteran in San Diego County and have to go to the La Jolla VA for serious issues. I remember as I got out of the car to go in I was feeling slightly better and wondered if I should go back home. Thank God I did not. 20 minutes later I was in ER with a nurse placing a port in my left arm for testing and precaution. Right then I said I felt lightheaded, and passed out from a Cardiac Arrest. Thankfully, as I was in the ER when it happened, there were ER doctors immediately avaialble and did CPR on me with an injection of something to jolt my body. They said my heart rate went under 30 beats and my blood pressure dropped to dangerous levels. When I fnally came to under the RR lights on a stretecher they advised me of what happened and admitted me to ICU for 3 days. It took them the better part of the first day to identify the blood clots and the large clots that had formed at the entrance to my lungs stooping my heart. I spend 3 days in ICU with 3-4 Dr.s or nurses around me 7/24 with injections of blood thinners. Finally I was sent now on blood thinners indefinitely as prevention.
This is the part that get's difficult to dea with. After that life threatening event from an unknown cause of clotting, every morning for over a year I would wake up with extreme anxiety, residual rib cage pains, fear of death, fear of being alone at any time. Causing stress on my wife and fear formy life. As an avid cyclist, I had spent 25 years riding long rides of 5-6 hours often alone in the mountains east of No. San Diege Cnty enjoying my solitude. After this event, if I got more than 15 minutes away from home or a medical facility I would begin to panic and have fears of dying ouot alone by myself. This went on for over a year. The troubling part of all this, is that no doctors, nurses, or care givers reached out to me for PTSD counseling that I so badly needed. I kept tellng them I needed some sort of follwup counseling. It took almost a year for the VA to set my wife and I up for couples thearapy to deal with the stress. Later I requested personal PTSD counseling and recieved a series of zoom call sessions where I remember crying many times describing the orderal and fears that I had expereinced. The good news is after almost 3 years, I would say I have recovered probably 80-90% from the bad days. I still wake mornings with anxiety, and periodic pains in my latera reib cage areas that tend to go away by mid morning with movement and regular excercise.
For reference, there are many cebrities and public figures like Hillary Clinto, that have had blood clots like Hilary Clinton which lead to her episode on stage during the 2016 election campaign, and some have developed to PE like Al Roker, and many celebrities over the years like Jimmy Suart and others that have died from it.
The point of all this is to recommend people over age 50, male or female, become familiar with the symptoms and take action if they recognize any of them. This is a deadly issue, 30% of persons experiencing Pulomary Embolism like I did do not survive. Thank God I did.
If you know anyone who has symptoms or has had the experience reach out to them for support. The surely need it. If ayone has questions for me about my expereince, medication, recurrance, limiations, etc. feel free to ask me here. One the things that helped me tremendoulsy was a FaceBook group for those with blood clots. Knowing there experiences helped me navigate the fears.
-Dave
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Urothelial carcinoma
What is Bladder Cancer?
Bladder cancer is a condition where abnormal cells in the bladder start growing out of control. The bladder is a hollow organ in the lower part of your belly that stores urine.
Most bladder cancers start in the bladder's inner lining, called the urothelium.
There are different types of bladder cancer:
• The most common is urothelial carcinoma, which makes up about 90% of all cases. This type starts in the cells that line the inside of the bladder.
• Other less common types include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
Doctors describe bladder cancer based on how far it has spread into the bladder wall:
• Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is only in the lining of the bladder and hasn't grown into the deeper layers.
• Muscle-invasive bladder cancer has grown into the muscle layer of the bladder or beyond.
Symptoms of bladder cancer can include:
• Blood in the urine
• Frequent urination
• Painful urination
• Pelvic pain
• Back pain.
If you notice these symptoms, it's important to see a doctor.
To diagnose bladder cancer, doctors may use tests like:
• Cystoscopy (where a tiny camera is used to look inside the bladder)
• Urine tests
• Imaging tests like CT scans
Treatment options depend on the type and stage of cancer but can include:
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Targeted drug therapy
Trend
• In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer. About 82,290 new cases of bladder cancer are expected to be diagnosed in 2023.
• Approximately 574,000 people in the US are living with bladder cancer as of 2023.
• Over the past five years (2018-2022), there were about 400,000 new cases of bladder cancer diagnosed in the United States.
• Looking ahead five years, it's projected that the number of new bladder cancer cases will continue to increase slightly each year, potentially reaching around 85,000-90,000 new cases annually by 2028.
History
Bladder cancer has been known since ancient times. In the 19th century, doctors started to understand more about bladder tumors.
The first successful removal of a bladder tumor was done in 1874. In the early 20th century, doctors began using cystoscopes to look inside the bladder and diagnose cancer more accurately.
Treatment methods improved over time, with chemotherapy introduced in the 1960s and newer therapies like immunotherapy developed in recent decades. Research continues to find better ways to detect and treat bladder cancer.
Source of Information
• American Cancer Society
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Carcinoma of the breast
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer is a disease where cells in the breast grow out of control. These cells can form a lump or tumor that can be felt or seen on an X-ray. If the cancer cells spread to other parts of the body, it is called metastatic breast cancer.
There are different types of breast cancer, depending on which cells in the breast turn into cancer. The most common types are:
• Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This type starts in the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and then invades nearby tissues.
• Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): This type starts in the lobules (glands that make milk) and spreads to nearby tissues.
Breast cancer can affect both women and men, although it is much more common in women. The risk of developing breast cancer increases with age, and it can also be influenced by genetic factors, lifestyle, and environmental exposures.
Symptoms of breast cancer can include:
• A lump in the breast or underarm
• Change in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast
• Dimpling or puckering of the skin on the breast
• A nipple that turns inward or changes position
• Discharge from the nipple that is not breast milk
• Redness or scaling of the breast skin or nipple
Risk factors for breast cancer include:
• Being female
• Getting older
• Having a family history of breast cancer
• Inherited gene mutations (like BRCA1 and BRCA2)
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Alcohol consumption
• Obesity
Prevention and early detection:
• Regular mammograms and breast exams can help detect breast cancer early when it is easier to treat.
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, can lower the risk of breast cancer.
Treatment options:
• Surgery: Removing the tumor or the entire breast (mastectomy).
• Radiation Therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells.
• Hormone Therapy: Blocking hormones that fuel certain types of breast cancer.
• Targeted Therapy: Using drugs that target specific characteristics of cancer cells.
Trend
• In the United States, about 1 in 8 women (around 13%) will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime.
• There are over 4 million breast cancer survivors in the U.S.
• The number of people in the US who have had it in the last five years isn't readily available, but given the annual statistics, millions of women have been diagnosed with breast cancer during this period.
• The number of breast cancer cases is expected to continue rising slightly due to factors like aging populations and better detection methods. However, the survival rates are also improving due to advancements in treatment and early detection.
History
Breast cancer has been known since ancient times. The earliest recorded case dates back to ancient Egypt, around 1600 BC. Early treatments were rudimentary and often ineffective.
In the 19th century, significant progress was made in understanding and treating breast cancer. The first successful mastectomy (removal of the breast) was performed in the 1880s by Dr. William Halsted. This was a major advancement in the surgical treatment of breast cancer.
The 20th century saw the development of radiation therapy and chemotherapy, which provided new ways to treat breast cancer. In the 1970s, mammography became a standard screening tool, helping to detect breast cancer early.
Today, breast cancer research continues to advance, leading to better treatments and higher survival rates. Awareness campaigns and improved screening methods have also been crucial in early detection and treatment.
• American Cancer Society
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• National Breast Cancer Foundation, Inc.
• National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• EDS
What is Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is a group of genetic disorders that affect the body's connective tissues. These tissues are like the glue that holds our body parts together, giving them strength and flexibility. In people with EDS, these tissues are weaker than they should be.
There are 13 different types of EDS, but they all share some common features. People with EDS often have very flexible joints that can bend more than normal. This can lead to joint pain and dislocations. Their skin might be stretchy and soft, and it can easily bruise or tear. Some people with EDS also have problems with their blood vessels, organs, or bones.
The most common type is hypermobile EDS, where people have super bendy joints. Another type, vascular EDS, is more serious because it can cause problems with blood vessels and organs.
EDS can affect people in different ways.
• Some might have only mild symptoms, while others have more severe problems.
• It can make everyday activities harder and sometimes cause pain or other health issues.
• However, with the proper care and support, many people with EDS can lead full and active lives.
How is it diagnosed?
• Doctors look at a person's medical history and family history
• They do a physical exam to check joint flexibility and skin stretchiness
• Genetic tests may be done to look for changes in specific genes
• Skin biopsies (small skin samples) might be taken to check the connective tissue
• Imaging tests like X-rays or MRI scans can help check for joint problems
• Blood tests might be done to rule out other conditions
• Echocardiograms (heart ultrasounds) may be used to check the heart and blood vessels
How is it treated?
• Physical therapy to strengthen muscles and improve joint stability
• Occupational therapy to help with daily activities
• Pain management techniques, including medications if needed
• Braces or splints to support joints
• Surgery in some cases to repair damaged joints or blood vessels
• Regular check-ups with different specialists to monitor overall health
• Lifestyle changes, like avoiding activities that might cause injury
• Counseling or support groups to help cope with the emotional aspects
Trend
• In the United States, it's estimated that about 1 in 5,000 people have some form of EDS.
• This means roughly 66,000 people in the US have EDS, based on the current population.
• As awareness and diagnostic techniques improve, more people might be diagnosed with EDS in the future.
History
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome has been known for a long time, even though people didn't always call it by that name.
Hippocrates first described someone with very stretchy skin in 400 BC. However, the syndrome got its name from two doctors who described it in more detail in the early 1900s: Edvard Ehlers from Denmark and Henri-Alexandre Danlos from France.
Over the years, doctors have learned more about EDS and discovered different types. In 1997, they came up with a new way to classify the different types of EDS, which has been updated since then as we've learned even more about the condition.
• National Library of Medicine, Medline Plus
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Prostatic Carcinoma
What is Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer is a disease that starts in the prostate gland, which is part of the male reproductive system. The prostate is a small, walnut-sized gland located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It produces some of the fluid that makes up semen.
Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate start to grow uncontrollably. These cells can form a tumor, which is a lump of cancer cells. Most prostate cancers are a type called adenocarcinoma, which starts in the gland cells that make the prostate fluid. There are other, rarer types of prostate cancer, but adenocarcinoma is the most common.
Prostate cancer can grow slowly or quickly. Some types of prostate cancer grow so slowly that they may not cause any problems during a man's lifetime. Other types can grow and spread quickly, which makes them more dangerous.
Symptoms
Prostate cancer often doesn't cause symptoms in its early stages. When symptoms do appear, they might include:
• Trouble urinating or a weak urine stream
• Blood in the urine or semen
• Pain in the hips, back, or chest
• Erectile dysfunction
• Feeling that the bladder is not completely empty
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing prostate cancer, including:
• Family history: Having a father or brother with prostate cancer increases the risk.
• Race: Prostate cancer is more common in African American men.
• Diet: Eating a lot of red meat or high-fat dairy products may increase the risk.
• Obesity: Being overweight may increase the risk of aggressive prostate cancer.
• Age: Most cases occur in men over 50.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Doctors use various tests to diagnose prostate cancer, including:
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test: Measures the level of PSA in the blood, which can be higher in men with prostate cancer.
• Digital rectal exam (DRE): The doctor feels the prostate through the rectum to check for lumps or abnormalities.
• Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells.
Treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer and may include:
• Active surveillance: Regular monitoring of the cancer without immediate treatment.
• Surgery: Removing the prostate gland.
• Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
• Hormone therapy: Reducing the levels of male hormones that can fuel cancer growth.
• Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: Helping the immune system fight the cancer.
Trend
• In the United States, about 3.1 million men are living with prostate cancer.
• Approximately 1.2 million new cases were diagnosed in the last five years.
• It's projected that there will be about 1.3 million new cases of prostate cancer in the US over the next five years.
History
Prostate cancer has been recognized for centuries, but it wasn't until the 20th century that doctors began to understand it better.
In the early 1900s, prostate cancer was often diagnosed at a late stage when it was hard to treat. The development of the PSA blood test in the 1980s allowed doctors to detect prostate cancer earlier. This led to more effective treatments and better survival rates.
Today, prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, but thanks to advances in screening and treatment, many men live long lives after being diagnosed.
Additional Facts
There is ongoing discussion about renaming low-grade prostate cancer to remove the word "cancer" to reduce anxiety and potential overtreatment for low-risk cases.
Some suggested alternative terms for low-grade prostate cancer include:
• IDLE (indolent lesion of epithelial origin)
• INERRT (indolent neoplasm rarely requiring treatment)
However, these are not officially recognized alternative names for prostate cancer at this time. They are proposals aimed at reducing anxiety and potential overtreatment for low-risk cases.
• American Cancer Society
• National Institute of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Prostate Cancer Foundation
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Bowel cancer
• Colon cancer
• Rectal cancer
What is Colorectal Cancer?
Colorectal cancer is a disease that starts in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine in your digestive system. The colon is the longest part of the large intestine, and the rectum is the last part before waste leaves your body. This cancer begins when normal cells in the lining of the colon or rectum start to grow and change in ways they shouldn't.
These abnormal cells can form small growths called polyps. While most polyps aren't cancer, some can turn into cancer over time. That's why doctors recommend regular screenings to find and remove polyps before they become dangerous. If the abnormal cells keep growing, they can form a tumor, which is a lump of cancer cells.
Colorectal cancer often doesn't cause symptoms at first. When symptoms do appear, they might include:
• Changes in how often you have bowel movements
• Blood in your poop
• Stomach pain or cramps that don't go away
• Feeling tired all the time
• Losing weight without trying
Anyone can get colorectal cancer, but some things make it more likely. These include:
• Being older (most people who get it are over 50)
• Having a family history of colorectal cancer
• Eating lots of red or processed meat
• Not exercising enough
• Being overweight
• Smoking
• Drinking too much alcohol
Doctors use different tests to find colorectal cancer, like colonoscopies, which use a long, flexible tube with a camera to look inside your colon. If cancer is found, treatment might include
• Surgery to remove the tumor
• Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
• Medicines like chemotherapy
Trend
• In the United States, as of 2022, about 1.5 million people in the US were living with a history of colorectal cancer.
• In the last five years (2019-2023), approximately 750,000 new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed in the US (estimated based on yearly incidence).
• It's projected that by 2029, there will be about 790,000 new cases of colorectal cancer in the US over the next five years (estimated based on current trends).
History
Colorectal cancer has been around for centuries, but it became more common in the 20th century as lifespans increased and diets shifted towards more processed foods.
In the 1950s, significant advancements were made in understanding how colorectal cancer develops. This led to the development of screening tests like colonoscopies in the 1960s, which have played a crucial role in early detection and improved survival rates.
More recently, new treatment options have been developed, and screening recommendations have been adjusted to address the concerning trend of colorectal cancer in younger adults.
• National Cancer Institute
• Mayo Clinic
• Pfizer
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Central Nervous System Cancers (CNS)
• CNS Tumors
• Primary Brain Tumors
What are Brain and Central Nervous System (CNS) Cancers?
They are a group of diseases where abnormal cells grow in the brain or spinal cord. When cancer from other parts of the body spreads to the brain, it's called metastatic brain cancer.
Brain and CNS cancers happen when cells in these areas start growing out of control. There are many types of brain tumors, and they can be either cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). Even benign tumors can cause problems if they grow and press on important parts of the brain.
These tumors can affect how the brain works, causing symptoms like headaches, seizures, vision problems, or changes in behavior.
The most common types of brain tumors in adults include gliomas (like astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas), meningiomas, and pituitary tumors. In children, common types are medulloblastomas and ependymomas. Each type of tumor grows differently and may need different treatments.
Treatment for brain and CNS cancers usually involves a team of doctors working together. Options can include:
• Surgery to remove the tumor
• Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
• Chemotherapy drugs.
• The exact treatment plan depends on the type of tumor, its location, and how fast it's growing.
Living with a brain or CNS tumor can be challenging. Patients often need ongoing care and may have to deal with side effects from the tumor or its treatment. However, new research constantly improves our understanding and treatment of these cancers.
Trend
• In the United States, it's estimated that about 25,400 new cases of brain and other CNS cancers will be diagnosed in 2024.
• Over the past five years (2019-2023), approximately 120,000 to 125,000 people in the US have been diagnosed with brain and other CNS cancers.
• Looking ahead five years, if current trends continue, we might expect to see around 26,000 to 27,000 new cases per year by 2029. However, this is just an estimate and could change based on new research or treatments.
History
Brain tumors have been known since ancient times, but our understanding of them has greatly improved in the last century.
In the early 1900s, surgery was the main treatment, but it was very risky. The invention of the CT scan in the 1970s and the MRI in the 1980s made it much easier to see brain tumors clearly. This helped doctors plan better treatments.
New therapies like targeted drugs and immunotherapy have been developed in recent decades. These treatments try to attack cancer cells while causing less harm to healthy brain tissue.
Today, researchers are working on even more advanced ways to diagnose and treat brain cancers.
• National Cancer Institute
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Nationwide Children’s Hospital
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Blood cancer
• Bone marrow cancer
What is Leukemia?
Leukemia is a type of cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.
The bone marrow produces too many abnormal white blood cells in people with leukemia. These abnormal cells don't work properly and can't fight infections like healthy white blood cells do. As these abnormal cells build up, they crowd out healthy blood cells, making it hard for the body to get enough normal blood cells to work properly.
There are several types of leukemia, but they generally fall into two main categories:
• Acute leukemia: This type develops quickly and worsens quickly if not treated. It's more common in children.
• Chronic leukemia: This type develops slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. It's more common in adults.
The four main types of leukemia are:
• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
• Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Symptoms of leukemia can include:
• Feeling tired and weak
• Frequent infections
• Easy bruising or bleeding
• Fever or chills
• Bone or joint pain
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Unexplained weight loss
Doctors don't know exactly what causes leukemia, but certain factors can increase the risk, such as:
• Exposure to high levels of radiation
• Certain chemicals
• Certain genetic conditions
Treatment for leukemia depends on the type and how advanced it is. Common treatments include
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Targeted therapy
• Stem cell transplants
With advances in treatment, many people with leukemia can be cured or have long periods without the disease.
Trend
• In the United States, approximately 472,714 people are living with leukemia as of 2022.
• The American Cancer Society estimates that about 60,650 new cases of leukemia were diagnosed in 2022.
• It's difficult to give an exact number for a five-year projection, but based on current trends, the number of new cases can be expected to remain relatively stable or increase slightly each year.
• The number of people living with leukemia may continue to increase due to improved treatments and survival rates.
History
The term "leukemia" comes from the Greek words "leukos" meaning white and "haima" meaning blood.
Leukemia was first recognized as a distinct disease in the 1800s. In 1845, a Scottish doctor named John Hughes Bennett published the first description of leukemia.
For many years, leukemia was considered incurable. The first successful treatments began in the 1940s and 1950s with the development of chemotherapy drugs.
A major breakthrough came in 2001 with the approval of imatinib, a targeted therapy drug that dramatically improved survival rates for chronic myeloid leukemia. Over the years, research has led to better understanding of the different types of leukemia and more effective treatments.
Today, many forms of leukemia have high cure rates, especially in children, and even for types that can't be cured, new treatments are helping people live longer and better lives with the disease.
Source of Information
• Mayo Clinic
• Penn Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center
• Pfizer
• The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD)
• Spinal Disc Degeneration
• Discogenic Pain
What is Degenerative Disc Disease?
It is not a disease but a natural part of aging where the spinal discs, which act as cushions between the bones in your spine, start to wear down over time. These discs are like small shock absorbers that help you move, bend, and twist comfortably. These discs can dry out, lose their flexibility, and become thinner as we age. This is a normal process, and almost everyone experiences some disc degeneration after age 40. However, not everyone will feel pain or discomfort.
When the discs wear down, the bones in the spine can start to rub against each other, which can cause pain and other issues like stiffness or weakness. This condition is most common in older adults but can also happen to younger people, especially if they have had a back injury or if their family members have had similar problems.
The pain from DDD can vary. Some people might feel a mild, nagging pain, while others might experience severe pain that makes it hard to move. The pain can be in the neck or lower back, and sometimes, if the worn-out disc presses on nerves, it can spread to the arms or legs.
While this sounds scary, it's important to know that it's a common part of aging, and many people manage it with simple treatments and lifestyle changes. Regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight,
and avoiding activities that strain the back can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life.
How is it Diagnosed?
• Medical History: Doctors will ask about your symptoms and any past injuries.
• Physical Exam: Checking your back for pain, flexibility, and strength.
• Imaging Tests: X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to see the condition of the discs.
• Nerve Tests: Sometimes tests like EMG or nerve conduction studies are done to see if nerves are affected.
How is it Treated?
• Physical Therapy: Exercises to strengthen back muscles and improve flexibility.
• Medications: Pain relievers like acetaminophen or NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Remember, NSAIDs can have side effects like stomach upset or increased risk of heart problems if used long-term.
• Lifestyle Changes: Maintaining a healthy weight, staying active with low-impact exercises like walking or swimming, and avoiding activities that worsen the pain.
• Heat/Ice Therapy: Applying heat or ice to the affected area can help reduce pain and swelling.
• Spinal Injections: Corticosteroid injections can provide temporary relief for severe pain.
• Surgery: In rare cases, if other treatments don't work, surgery might be considered. There are various surgical options, including disc replacement or spinal fusion.
Trend
• In the United States, it is estimated that about 5% of adults experience back pain due to degenerative disc disease.
• As the population ages, the number of people with this condition is expected to increase.
History
Degenerative Disc Disease has been recognized for many years as a common condition affecting the spine. The understanding of DDD has evolved over time, with early medical studies focusing on the wear and tear of spinal discs as a natural part of aging.
Advances in imaging technology, like MRI and CT scans, have allowed doctors to see the condition of spinal discs more clearly, leading to better diagnosis and treatment options.
Historically, treatments were limited to rest and pain medications, but today, there are many more options available, including physical therapy and minimally invasive surgeries. The focus has shifted towards managing symptoms and improving quality of life for those affected.
• Cedars-Sinai
• Cleveland Clinic
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Dementia (this is the main name for this condition)
• Major Neurocognitive Disorder (a less used name)
What is Dementia?
Dementia is a group of symptoms that affect a person's memory, thinking, and social abilities.
It's not a single disease, but a term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills. This decline is severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities.
When someone has dementia, their brain cells are damaged and can't communicate with each other properly. This affects their thinking, behavior, and feelings. People with dementia may have trouble remembering things, solving problems, or controlling their emotions. They might also experience changes in personality and have difficulty with tasks they used to do easily.
There are several types of dementia. Each type can affect different parts of the brain and cause different symptoms.
• Alzheimer's Disease (the most common)
• Frontotemporal Dementia
• Lewy Body Dementia
• Vascular Dementia
Dementia usually gets worse over time. In the early stages, someone might just be a bit forgetful. But as it progresses, they might have trouble recognizing family members, managing their finances, or taking care of themselves. This can be very challenging for both the person with dementia and their loved ones.
How is it diagnosed?
• Medical history: The doctor asks about symptoms and health problems.
• Physical exam: To check overall health and rule out other conditions.
• Cognitive tests: These check memory, problem-solving, and other thinking skills.
• Blood tests: To look for other health issues that could cause symptoms.
• Brain scans: Like MRI or CT scans to look at brain structure.
• Mental health evaluation: To check for depression or other mental health issues.
• Neurological exam: To test reflexes, balance, and senses.
• Family input: Doctors often ask family members about changes they've noticed.
How is it treated?
• Medications: To help with memory or behavior problems.
• Cognitive stimulation: Activities to keep the mind active.
• Occupational therapy: To learn ways to do daily tasks more easily.
• Physical exercise: To improve overall health and mood.
• Nutrition: A healthy diet to support brain health.
• Social activities: To stay connected with others.
• Safety measures: To make the home safer and prevent accidents.
• Caregiver support: Help and education for family members.
Trend
• In the United States, about 6.7 million people aged 65 and older have Alzheimer's dementia in 2023. This number has increased from about 5.8 million in 2020.
• It's projected that by 2028, about 7.6 million Americans aged 65 and older may have Alzheimer's dementia if current trends continue.
History
The term "dementia" has been used for centuries, but our understanding of it has changed a lot.
In ancient times, people thought memory loss in old age was just a normal part of getting older. In the early 1900s, Dr. Alois Alzheimer described the first case of what we now call Alzheimer's disease. This was a big step in understanding dementia.
Over the 20th century, doctors learned more about different types of dementia and how they affect the brain. In recent decades, there's been a lot of research to find better ways to diagnose and treat dementia, and to understand what causes it
• Alzheimer’s Association
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Health, National Institute on Aging
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• FMD
• Fibromuscular Hyperplasia
What is Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD)?
Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) is a rare disorder that affects the walls of medium-sized arteries. Instead of the usual smooth, elastic walls, these arteries develop abnormal growths, often causing them to narrow, bulge, or even tear.
Key Points
Abnormal Growth:
• The core issue is the abnormal growth of tissue within the artery walls, primarily an overgrowth of fibrous tissue.
Consequences:
• This abnormal growth can lead to:
• Stenosis: Narrowing of the artery, restricting blood flow.
• Aneurysms: Bulges or weakened areas in the artery wall.
• Dissections: Tears within the artery wall.
Types of FMD
• Medial Fibroplasia is the most common type. It's characterized by a "string of beads" appearance on imaging due to alternating areas of thickening and thinning in the artery wall.
Subtypes include medial fibroplasia, perimedial fibroplasia, and medial hyperplasia.
• Intimal Fibroplasia is less common. It involves thickening the artery wall's inner layer, leading to smooth narrowing.
• Adventitial Fibroplasia is rare. It affects the outer layer of the artery wall.
What are its symptoms?
• High Blood Pressure: Often the first and most common symptom.
• Headaches
• Dizziness
• Weakness
• Chest pain
• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Mini-stroke (Transient Ischemic Attack - TIA)
• Ringing in the ears (Pulsatile Tinnitus): A rhythmic sound in the ears that matches the heartbeat.
• Kidney problems
• Abdominal pain
• No symptoms: Many people with FMD have no noticeable symptoms.
How is it diagnosed?
• Angiography: Special X-ray using dye to visualize blood flow within the arteries. Often considered the gold standard for diagnosing FMD.
• Computed Tomography (CT) Angiography: CT scan with contrast dye to create detailed images of blood vessels.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Angiography: MRI with contrast dye to visualize blood vessels.
• Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to image blood vessels, including Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow.
How is it treated?
Medications:
• Antihypertensive drugs: To control high blood pressure.
• Antiplatelet agents: Such as aspirin, to reduce the risk of blood clots.
• Medications for pain and other symptoms.
Procedures:
• Angioplasty: A balloon is inflated within the narrowed artery to widen it.
• Stent Placement: A small mesh tube is inserted to keep the artery open.
• Surgery: In severe cases, such as for ruptured aneurysms.
Conservative Management:
• Often preferred for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic cases, with medications and lifestyle changes being the first line of treatment.
Additional Information
• FMD is often associated with other connective tissue disorders like Marfan, Loeys-Dietz, or Ehlers-Danlos syndromes.
• The condition can affect multiple blood vessels, and screening for FMD in other arteries is recommended when found in one location.
Trend
• In the US, it's estimated to be around 12 per 100,000 individuals, which could mean millions of Americans might have FMD. However, many cases are underdiagnosed due to its perceived rarity and the nonspecific nature of its symptoms.
• There isn't specific data on the number of new cases in the last five years, but the US Registry for FMD has been actively enrolling patients since 2009, suggesting an increase in awareness and diagnosis.
• Projection: Given the underdiagnosis and the potential for millions of Americans to have FMD, the number of diagnosed cases is expected to rise as awareness and diagnostic capabilities improve.
History
FMD was first described in 1938 by Leadbetter and Burkland when they found it in the renal arteries.
The term "fibromuscular hyperplasia" was first used by McCormack and colleagues in 1958. The term "fibromuscular dysplasia" was introduced by Hunt et al. in 1965.
Over the years, more research has been done, especially in the last decade, with the establishment of the US Registry for FMD in 2009. This registry has helped better understand the disease, showing that FMD is not as rare as once thought and can affect multiple circulatory system parts.
• American College of Cardiology
• American Heart Association
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• National Institute of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Laryngeal Cancer
• Cancer of the Larynx
• Throat Cancer
What is Larynx Cancer?
Larynx cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx is an important part of the throat located between the base of the tongue and the windpipe. It plays a crucial role in breathing, speaking, and swallowing.
Most larynx cancers start in the flat cells (squamous cells) that line the inside of the larynx. The cancer can develop in three main areas of the larynx:
• Supraglottis: The upper part, including the epiglottis
• Glottis: The middle part where the vocal cords are located
• Subglottis: The lower part, between the vocal cords and the windpipe
Larynx cancer often affects people over 60 years old and is more common in men than women. The main risk factors for developing larynx cancer are
• Smoking tobacco
• Drinking too much alcohol.
• Other factors that may increase the risk include exposure to certain chemicals, having a poor diet low in fruits and vegetables, and a family history of the disease
Common symptoms of larynx cancer include:
• A hoarse voice that lasts for more than three weeks
• Difficulty or pain when swallowing
• A lump in the neck
• Persistent cough
• Trouble breathing or a high-pitched sound when breathing
• Ear pain, which is a less frequent symptom
How is it diagnosed?
• Physical examination and medical history review
• Laryngoscopy: A procedure to look inside the throat using a small camera
• Biopsy: Taking a small sample of tissue to examine under a microscope
• Imaging tests: CT scans, MRI, or PET scans to determine the extent of the cancer
• Blood tests to check overall health
How is it treated?
• Surgery: Removing the tumor or part of the larynx
• Radiation therapy: Using high-energy beams to kill cancer cells
• Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body
• Targeted therapy: Using drugs that target specific cancer cell features
• Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer
• Combination of treatments, depending on the stage and location of the cancer
• Early-stage larynx cancer is often curable, but advanced cases can be more challenging to treat. The cancer can spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, or other parts of the body, making treatment more complex.
Trend
• Number of people that have had it in the last five years: Around 60,000 to 65,000 people
• The number of new cases is expected to remain relatively stable, with a slight decrease due to declining smoking rates
History
Larynx cancer has been known in medical science for many years. In the late 19th century, doctors began to understand the link between smoking and throat cancers.
The first successful laryngectomy (removal of the larynx) was performed in 1873 by Theodor Billroth.
Throughout the 20th century, treatment methods improved, including the development of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In recent decades, there has been a focus on organ-preserving treatments to maintain voice and swallowing function when possible.
The discovery of the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and some throat cancers has also led to new prevention and treatment strategies.
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• National Cancer Institute
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• The most common type of kidney cancer is known as "renal cell carcinoma" (RCC)
• Renal cell cancer
• Renal cell adenocarcinoma
What is Kidney Cancer?
Kidney cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the kidneys, which are two bean-shaped organs located behind your abdominal organs, with one kidney on each side of your spine. The kidneys' main job is to filter excess water, salt, and waste products from your blood, turning those substances into urine.
Kidney cancer starts when cells in the kidney begin to grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. The most common type of kidney cancer in adults is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for about 90% of all kidney cancers. RCC usually grows as a single tumor within a kidney, but sometimes multiple tumors can develop in one or both kidneys.
There are several subtypes of RCC, including:
• Clear cell RCC: The most common form, making up about 70-80% of RCC cases. The cells appear very pale or clear under a microscope.
• Papillary RCC: Accounts for about 10-15% of RCC cases and forms finger-like projections.
• Chromophobe RCC: Makes up about 5% of RCC cases, with cells that appear larger and have prominent borders.
• Other less common types of kidney cancer include transitional cell carcinoma, Wilms' tumor (more common in children), and renal sarcoma.
Trend
• In the United States, approximately 79,000 new cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed each year.
• Over the past five years, it is estimated that around 395,000 people in the US have been diagnosed with kidney cancer, considering the annual incidence rate.
• The number of kidney cancer cases is expected to rise slightly over the next five years due to the aging population and better diagnostic techniques like CT scans, which can detect cancers early.
History
People have known about kidney cancer for a long time, but how doctors find and treat it has changed a lot over the years.
In the past, the main way to treat kidney cancer was to take out the whole kidney through surgery. Now, thanks to better medical tools, doctors can do surgeries that are less harmful to the body. They can sometimes remove just the tumor and leave the rest of the kidney in place.
Scientists have also found out that there are different types of kidney cancer. This has helped doctors come up with new ways to treat it. Some new treatments can target specific types of kidney cancer, which helps patients get better more often.
In recent years, more people have been told they have kidney cancer. This is partly because doctors now use special machines like CT scanners to find small tumors that might have been missed before. While this means more cases are found, doctors can catch the cancer earlier, which helps more people survive.
• Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Sjögren's Syndrome (Sjogren's Syndrome)
• Sjögren's Disease (Sjogren's Disease)
• Sicca Syndrome
What is Sjögren's Syndrome?
Sjögren's Syndrome is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own moisture-producing glands, like the ones in the eyes and mouth. This leads to symptoms like dry eyes and dry mouth.
Sjögren's Syndrome can also affect other parts of the body, causing joint pain, fatigue, and sometimes even problems with organs like the lungs or kidneys.
It's more common in women, especially those over 40, and often comes with other autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
There are two types of Sjögren's Syndrome
• Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: This happens when you have dry eyes and mouth without any other autoimmune disease.
• Secondary Sjögren's Syndrome: This occurs when Sjögren's is present along with another autoimmune disease like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
How is it diagnosed?
• Blood Tests: Doctors look for specific antibodies like SS-A (Ro) and SS-B (La).
• Eye Tests: The Schirmer test is used to measure tear production and dyes to check for dry spots on the eyes.
• Dental Tests: Dentists measure saliva flow and might do a biopsy of the salivary glands in the patient’s lip.
• Medical History and Physical Exam: Doctors will ask about symptoms and check for signs of other autoimmune diseases.
How is it treated?
• Over-the-counter: Artificial tears for eyes, artificial saliva for mouth, and various lubricants for other areas.
• Prescription Medications: These include drugs like cyclosporine for the eyes, pilocarpine or cevimeline for the mouth, and medications to reduce inflammation or suppress the immune system.
• Medical Procedures: Biopsies, scans, and sometimes neurostimulation to help with symptoms.
Trend
• In the USA, over four million Americans have Sjögren's Syndrome.
• Five-year projection: With ongoing research, the number of diagnosed cases might increase due to better diagnostic tools.
History
Sjögren's Syndrome was first described by Swedish ophthalmologist Henrik Sjögren in 1933. He noticed that some patients with rheumatoid arthritis also had dry eyes and mouth. Over time, researchers found that this condition could exist independently or with other autoimmune diseases. Today, we know much more about how it affects the body and how to manage its symptoms.
• Arthritis Foundation
• ARUP Consult
• Columbia University Medical Center
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Massachusetts General Hospital, Sjögren's Syndrome Program
• National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Sjögren's Foundation
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Spinal canal stenosis
• Foraminal stenosis (when the openings between the vertebrae, called foramina, narrow)
• Central canal stenosis (when the central canal within the spinal column narrows)
Specific types of spinal stenosis can have different names based on their location:
• Lumbar spinal stenosis: This is the most common type and occurs in the lower back.
• Cervical spinal stenosis: This occurs in the neck.
• Thoracic spinal stenosis: This occurs in the middle back.
What is Spinal Stenosis?
Spinal stenosis is when the spaces in your spine get narrower. Imagine your spine as a tunnel. In spinal stenosis, this tunnel starts to shrink, which can put pressure on the nerves that travel through the spine.
The spine is made up of bones called vertebrae, stacked on top of each other. Between these bones are soft cushions called discs. The vertebrae form a canal that protects the spinal cord. Spinal stenosis happens when this canal gets smaller.
This narrowing can happen for different reasons:
• As people age, the ligaments (tough bands holding the spine together) can thicken.
• Bones and joints may also get bigger.
• Sometimes, a herniated disc (when the soft inside of a disc pushes out) can cause stenosis.
Spinal stenosis most often happens in the lower back (lumbar spine) and neck (cervical spine). When it's in the lower back, it can cause pain or numbness in the legs. If it's in the neck, it might affect the arms.
People with spinal stenosis might feel pain when they walk or stand for a long time. The pain often gets better when they sit down or lean forward. This is because these positions open up the spinal canal and take pressure off the nerves.
Spinal stenosis is more common in people over 50, but younger people can get it too. Injuries or tumors can cause it, or people can be born with a small spinal canal.
The symptoms of spinal stenosis usually start slowly and get worse over time. Some people might not have any symptoms at first. Others might have severe pain, numbness, or weakness.
How is it diagnosed?
• The doctor asks about symptoms and medical history
• Physical exam to check strength, reflexes, and feeling
• X-rays to look at the bones in the spine
• MRI scan to see detailed pictures of the spine
• CT scan for a 3D view of the spine
• Myelogram, where dye is injected into the spine before a CT scan
• Bone scan to check for fractures or tumors
• Electromyography (EMG) to test nerve function
How is it treated?
• Physical therapy to strengthen muscles and improve flexibility
• Pain medications like ibuprofen or naproxen
• Steroid injections to reduce swelling
• Antidepressants or anti-seizure drugs for nerve pain
• Decompression procedures to create more space in the spine
• Surgery to remove bone or ligaments pressing on nerves
• Spinal fusion surgery to stabilize the spine
• Lifestyle changes like losing weight or quitting smoking
• Assistive devices like a cane or walker
Trend
• In the United States, about 250,000 to 500,000 people have symptoms of spinal stenosis.
• In the last five years, about 2.4 million people have been diagnosed.
• In the next five years, about 2.7 million people are expected to be diagnosed.
History
Spinal stenosis was first described in detail by a Dutch doctor named Henk Verbiest in 1954. Before that, doctors knew about narrow spinal canals but didn't fully understand how they affected people.
Henk Verbiest studied patients with leg pain and weakness and discovered that the space inside their spine was too narrow. This discovery helped doctors better understand and treat the condition. Since then, our knowledge of spinal stenosis has grown a lot. We now have better ways to diagnose and treat it, including advanced imaging techniques and new surgical methods.
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
• North American Spine Society (NASS)
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
What is Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)?
PSC is a disease that affects the bile ducts, which are tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. In PSC, these ducts become inflamed and scarred over time. This causes them to narrow and eventually become blocked. When this happens, bile can't flow properly and builds up in the liver, causing damage.
PSC is a chronic condition that lasts for a long time and worsens over time. It's believed to be an autoimmune disease, where the body's immune system attacks its own healthy cells by mistake. In this case, it attacks the bile ducts.
The disease is more common in men and usually starts between ages 30 and 40. Many people with PSC also have inflammatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis. PSC can lead to serious complications like liver failure, infections in the bile ducts, and an increased risk of certain cancers, especially bile duct cancer.
There's no cure for PSC, but treatments can help manage symptoms and slow down liver damage. In severe cases, a liver transplant might be needed.
What are some symptoms?
Most people with PSC don't have symptoms at first. As the disease progresses, they might experience:
• Itchy skin
• Feeling very tired
• Pain in the upper right part of the belly
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
• Fever and chills
• Unexplained weight loss
How is it diagnosed?
• Blood tests: Doctors check for high levels of liver enzymes, which can show liver damage.
• Imaging tests: Special pictures of the bile ducts are taken. The main test is MRCP (Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography), which uses strong magnets to create detailed images.
• Liver biopsy: Sometimes, a small piece of liver tissue is removed and looked at under a microscope.
• Endoscopy: A thin tube with a camera is used to look at the bile ducts from the inside. This is called ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography).
• Physical exam: The doctor checks for signs like yellowing of the skin or enlarged liver.
• Medical history: The doctor asks about symptoms and other health conditions.
How is it treated?
• Medications to relieve itching
• Antibiotics to treat infections in the bile ducts
• Vitamin supplements (A, D, E, and K) because PSC can make it hard for the body to absorb these vitamins
• Procedures to open up narrowed bile ducts (done with endoscopy)
• Liver transplant for severe cases
• Regular check-ups to watch for complications like cancer
• Lifestyle changes like not drinking alcohol and eating a healthy diet
Trend
• In the United States, about 5 to 16 people out of every 100,000 have PSC.
• There's no clear data on how many people have had it in the last five years.
• We don't have a good five-year projection because PSC is rare and hard to predict.
History
Doctors first described PSC in the 1920s, but it wasn't well understood until the 1970s and 1980s.
At first, doctors thought it was very rare. As they learned more about it and got better at diagnosing it, they realized it was more common than they thought.
In the past, there weren't many treatments for PSC. Now, doctors can do more to help manage symptoms and slow down the disease.
The biggest change came with liver transplants, which became an option for severe PSC in the 1980s. This has greatly improved the outlook for people with advanced PSC.
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
• University of California, San Francisco
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Cancer of the Testicle
• Testis Cancer
What is Testicular Cancer?
Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the testicles (also called testes). The testicles are part of the male reproductive system and are found inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. They make male hormones and sperm for reproduction.
This cancer begins when healthy cells in a testicle change and grow out of control, forming a mass or tumor. Testicular cancer mainly affects young and middle-aged men, with most cases occurring between ages 15 and 45. It's not very common, but it's highly treatable and usually curable, even when it has spread beyond the testicle.
There are two main types of testicular cancer:
• Seminomas: These grow and spread slowly. They're more common in men between 25 and 45.
• Non-seminomas: These tend to grow and spread more quickly. They're more common in men between their late teens and early 30s.
• Some testicular tumors have both types of cells.
The exact cause of testicular cancer isn't known, but some factors might increase the risk:
• Having an undescended testicle
• Family history of testicular cancer
• HIV infection
• Being white (it's less common in other racial groups)
• Certain genetic conditions
Symptoms of testicular cancer can include:
• A lump or swelling in either testicle
• A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
• A dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin
• Sudden build-up of fluid in the scrotum
• Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum
• Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts
How is it diagnosed?
• Physical exam: The doctor checks for lumps or anything unusual in the testicles.
• Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to make pictures of the inside of the testicles.
• Blood tests: To check for tumor markers that some testicular cancers produce.
• Surgery: If cancer is suspected, the affected testicle is removed (called an orchiectomy) and examined.
• Imaging tests: CT scans, MRI, or X-rays to see if the cancer has spread.
How is it treated?
• Surgery: Removing the affected testicle (orchiectomy) is usually the first step.
• Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells, mainly used for seminomas.
• Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body.
• Surveillance: Close monitoring with regular tests if the cancer is caught very early.
• Stem cell transplant: For some advanced cases that don't respond to other treatments.
Trend
• In the United States, the number of people that have had it in the last five years is approximately 50,000 men.
• The number of new cases is expected to remain relatively stable.
History
Testicular cancer has been known for centuries, but it was often fatal until the mid-20th century.
In the 1970s, major breakthroughs in chemotherapy dramatically improved survival rates. Dr. Lawrence Einhorn developed a treatment using the drug cisplatin, which turned testicular cancer into one of the most curable cancers.
Since then, researchers have refined treatments, reducing side effects and improving cure rates. Today, even patients with advanced testicular cancer have a good chance of being cured.
The development of tumor markers in the 1980s also helped with early detection and monitoring of the disease.
• American Cancer Society
• National Cancer Institute
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
The following describe the different stages around the time when a woman's menstrual periods stop:
• Perimenopause
• Postmenopause
What is Menopause?
Menopause is a natural part of aging for women. It marks the end of a woman's menstrual cycle and her ability to have children. This happens because the ovaries stop releasing eggs and the production of hormones like estrogen and progesterone decreases.
Menopause usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, with the average age in the United States being 51.
During menopause, women experience a variety of symptoms. These symptoms can start years before menopause in a phase called perimenopause. Common symptoms include
• Hot flashes
• Night sweats
• Irregular periods
• Mood swings
• Some women might also experience changes in their skin, hair, and sleep patterns.
These changes happen because the body is adjusting to lower hormone levels.
Menopause is officially diagnosed when a woman has not had a menstrual period for 12 consecutive months. After this point, she enters postmenopause, which lasts for the rest of her life.
While menopause is a natural process, it can be triggered early by certain medical treatments, like surgery to remove the ovaries or chemotherapy.
How is Menopause Diagnosed?
• Doctors often start by asking about symptoms like hot flashes and irregular periods.
• They will review your menstrual history to see if you've gone a year without a period.
• Sometimes, blood tests are done to check hormone levels, but they are not always necessary.
How is Menopause Treated?
• Eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking can help manage symptoms.
• Hormone Therapy, which can help with symptoms like hot flashes and prevent bone loss.
• Some non-hormonal medications can help with hot flashes and mood swings without using hormones.
• Vaginal Estrogen can help with vaginal dryness and discomfort during intercourse.
• Counseling or Therapy: Talking to a therapist can help manage mood changes and emotional symptoms.
Trends
• Every year, about 1.3 million women in the United States become menopausal.
• Over the past five years, approximately 6.5 million women in the U.S. have gone through menopause.
• As the population ages, the number of women experiencing menopause is expected to increase. This is partly because people are living longer, and more women will reach the age where menopause occurs naturally.
History
Menopause has been a natural part of women's lives for thousands of years. The term "menopause" comes from the Greek words "men," meaning month, and "pausis," meaning pause, which together describe the end of monthly periods.
Historically, menopause was not well understood, and women often faced stigma and misunderstanding about their symptoms. In recent decades, medical research has improved our understanding of menopause. This has led to better treatments and more support for women undergoing this transition.
Today, menopause is recognized as a normal part of aging, and there are many resources available to help women manage their symptoms and maintain their health during this time.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• National Library of Medicine, Medline Plus
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Consumption
• Phthisis
• White Plague
What is Tuberculosis (TB)?
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. When someone has TB, they might feel very tired, lose weight, have a fever, sweat a lot at night, and cough up mucus or blood.
TB spreads through the air when someone with the disease coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing tiny droplets containing the bacteria. Not everyone infected with TB will get sick immediately; some people carry the bacteria, called latent TB, without showing symptoms. However, about 5% of people with latent TB will develop active TB within two years, and another 5% might get sick later in life
There are two main types of TB.
• Latent TB: The bacteria are in your body, but you don't feel sick and can't spread it to others. However, it can turn into active TB later.
• Active TB: You have symptoms, and you can spread the bacteria to others. This type needs treatment immediately.
How is it diagnosed?
• Medical History: Doctors ask about your symptoms and if you've been around someone with TB.
• Physical Examination: They check for signs like swollen lymph nodes or listen to your lungs.
• Skin Test: A small amount of tuberculin is injected under the skin, and the reaction is checked after 48-72 hours.
• Blood Tests: These look for your immune system's reaction to TB.
• Chest X-ray: This can show signs of TB in the lungs.
• Sputum Tests: Doctors check your spit for TB bacteria.
• Other Lab Tests: These can include tests for drug resistance or to confirm the diagnosis.
How is it treated?
Latent TB:
• Isoniazid for 6-9 months.
• Rifampin or Rifapentine for 3-4 months.
Active TB Disease:
• Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, and Pyrazinamide for 6-9 months.
• New 4-month regimen: 8 weeks of daily Isoniazid, Rifapentine, Pyrazinamide, and Moxifloxacin, followed by 9 weeks of daily Rifapentine, Isoniazid, and Moxifloxacin.
Trend
• The number of people in the US that have it: In 2022, there were 8,300 reported cases of TB in the US.
• The number of people that have had it in the last five years: The CDC reports 41,500 cases from 2018 to 2022.
• The Five-year projection: The CDC does not provide specific projections, but with current control measures, the incidence of TB is expected to continue to decline.
History
Tuberculosis has been around for thousands of years. Evidence suggests it was present in human remains from 9,000 years ago. It spread along trade routes and through domesticated animals.
In the 19th century, TB was a major killer in Europe and America, with one in four deaths attributed to it. Robert Koch's discovery of the TB bacteria in 1882 was a big step forward. Over time, treatments like sanatoria, where patients rested in fresh air, and the development of drugs like streptomycin in the 1940s helped control the disease.
Source of Information
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• Health.gov (official website of the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)
• Mayo Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology
• World Health Organization
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Lyme Borreliosis
What is Lyme Disease?
Lyme disease is an illness caused by bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi, which is spread to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks, commonly known as deer ticks.
What are the symptoms?
Early signs include a rash that looks like a bullseye, fever, headache, and feeling very tired. If not treated, the infection can spread to your joints, heart, and nervous system, causing arthritis, heart problems, and neurological issues.
What are the different stages of Lyme Disease?
• Early Localized: Symptoms appear at the site of the tick bite.
• Early Disseminated: The infection spreads through the body.
• Late Disseminated: Long-term effects like arthritis or neurological problems can occur if not treated.
How is it diagnosed?
• Doctors look for the bullseye rash, fever, and other early signs.
• They ask about your activities, like if you've been in areas with many ticks.
• They conduct blood tests that check for antibodies to the Lyme bacteria. They might not show up immediately, so doctors often rely on symptoms and activities.
How is it treated?
• Early treatment with antibiotics like doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime can cure most cases.
• Treatment usually lasts 2-4 weeks, depending on how far the disease has progressed.
• If you find a tick on you, remove it quickly. If it's been attached for more than 24 hours, you might need antibiotics to prevent Lyme disease.
Trend
• In the US, over 476,000 people are diagnosed and treated for Lyme disease each year.
• In the last five years, the number of reported cases has increased, with over 63,000 cases reported in 2022 alone.
• Five-year projection, with the spread of ticks into new areas, the number of Lyme disease cases is expected to continue rising.
History
Lyme Disease was first recognized in the United States in 1975 in Lyme, Connecticut, when a group of children and adults showed unusual arthritis symptoms.
Here's a quick timeline:
1975: Outbreak in Lyme, Connecticut, leading to the disease's name.
1977: The first 51 cases of Lyme arthritis were described, and the tick was linked to the disease.
1982: Borrelia burgdorferi was identified as the cause.
1987: Lyme disease became a reportable disease in the US.
1991: Federal funding for Lyme disease surveillance and research began.
Lyme disease has since spread across the US, becoming the most common vector-borne disease, with ticks now found in half of all US counties.
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• Connecticut Department of Public Health
• Johns Hopkins Medicine Lyme Disease Research Center
• National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus
• Project Lyme Organization
• Yale School of Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
• Exocrine Cancer
• Another less common type is called pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)
What is Pancreatic Cancer?
Pancreatic cancer is a condition where cancer cells form in the tissues of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach.
The pancreas has two main jobs: it makes digestive juices that help break down food and hormones like insulin that control blood sugar levels. Most pancreatic cancers begin in the cells that line the ducts of the pancreas, which carry these digestive juices.
Pancreatic cancer is especially dangerous because it often doesn't cause symptoms until it's in advanced stages. When symptoms do appear, they can include:
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Abdominal pain that radiates to the back
• Weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Dark urine
Because these symptoms can be vague and similar to other illnesses, pancreatic cancer is hard to diagnose early.
Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include
• Smoking
• Obesity
• History of diabetes
• Chronic pancreatitis (long-term inflammation of the pancreas)
• Certain genetic conditions
Most cases are diagnosed in people over the age of 65. To diagnose pancreatic cancer, doctors use
• Imaging tests like CT scans
• MRI
• Sometimes endoscopic ultrasound
• Blood tests looking for tumor markers like CA 19-9 can also help.
• A biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope, is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis
Treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer.
• If the cancer is caught early and is still localized, surgery to remove part or all of the pancreas may be possible.
Other treatments include:
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Targeted drug therapy
• Immunotherapy
Unfortunately, pancreatic cancer often spreads quickly to nearby organs, making it harder to treat.
Trend
• In the United States, pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths.
• In 2023, it is estimated that about 64,050 people will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
• Over the past five years (2018-2022), approximately 320,000 new cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed in the United States.
• Looking ahead, the number of new pancreatic cancer cases is expected to rise slightly each year. By 2028, around 70,000 new cases are projected to be diagnosed annually.
History
Pancreatic cancer has been recognized for over a century. The first successful surgery to remove a pancreatic tumor was performed in 1909. However, it wasn't until the 1930s that the Whipple procedure, a complex surgery to remove parts of the pancreas, was developed. This surgery remains one of the main surgical treatments for pancreatic cancer today.
In the 1970s and 1980s, advances in imaging technology, like CT scans, improved the ability to diagnose pancreatic cancer. Chemotherapy drugs were also developed during this time, providing more treatment options.
The 1990s and 2000s saw the introduction of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, which have helped improve outcomes for some patients. Despite these advances, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most challenging cancers to treat.
• American Cancer Society
• Mayo Clinic
• National Cancer Institute
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Myeloma
• Plasma Cell Myeloma
What is Multiple Myeloma?
Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that starts in plasma cells, which are a kind of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. Plasma cells help the body fight infections by making antibodies. In multiple myeloma, some plasma cells become cancerous and grow too much. This leads to problems in the body.
When these cancerous plasma cells grow, they can cause several issues:
• Bone Problems: The cancer can weaken bones, leading to pain and fractures (broken bones).
• Low Blood Counts: Healthy blood cells can be crowded out, causing anemia (not enough red blood cells), which makes you feel tired. It can also lower white blood cells, which makes it easier to get infections.
• Kidney Issues: The cancer can damage the kidneys, which can lead to kidney failure.
• High Calcium Levels: When bones break down, they release calcium into the blood, which can cause nausea, vomiting, and confusion.
Common symptoms of multiple myeloma include:
• Bone pain
• Fatigue (feeling very tired)
• Frequent infections
• Weight loss
• Weakness
Because these symptoms can be similar to other illnesses, it can be hard to diagnose multiple myeloma early.
How is it Diagnosed?
• Blood Tests: To check for abnormal proteins and see how well the kidneys work.
• Urine Tests: To find special proteins that cancer cells make.
• Bone Marrow Biopsy: A doctor takes a small sample of bone marrow to look for cancer cells.
• Imaging Tests: X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs help to see if there is any damage to the bones.
How is it Treated?
Several treatment options include:
• Chemotherapy: Uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells.
• Targeted Therapy: Uses drugs that specifically attack cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: Helps the body’s immune system fight the cancer.
• Radiation Therapy: Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells in specific areas.
• Stem Cell Transplant: Replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy cells.
• Supportive Care: Treats symptoms and side effects, like medications for pain or low blood counts.
Trend
• Approximately 150,000 to 175,000 people have had it in the last five years.
• The number of new cases is expected to increase slightly because more people are getting older.
History
Multiple myeloma was first recognized in the mid-1800s. Doctors noticed that it caused bone pain and fractures. As time went on, better tests and treatments were developed.
In the 20th century, researchers learned more about how to diagnose and treat multiple myeloma.
Today, many different treatment options exist, including chemotherapy and stem cell transplants, which help many patients live longer, healthier lives. Research continues to find new ways to treat multiple myeloma effectively.
Source of Information
• American Academy of Family Physicians
• Leukemia & Lymphoma Society
• Mayo Clinic
• Penn Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Mouth Cancer
• Oral Cancer
• These terms are often used interchangeably to describe cancer that develops in the lips or inside the mouth.
What is Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer?
Lip and oral cavity cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow out of control in the tissues of the lips or mouth. This includes cancer that starts in:
• The lips
• The front two-thirds of the tongue
• The gums
• The inside lining of the cheeks
• The floor of the mouth under the tongue
• The roof of the mouth (hard palate)
• The small area behind the wisdom teeth
Most of these cancers start in the flat, thin cells called squamous cells that line the inside of the mouth and lips. That's why they're often called squamous cell carcinomas.
This type of cancer can look like common mouth problems at first. You might see:
• A sore on the lip or in the mouth that doesn't heal
• A white or red patch in the mouth
• A lump or thickening on the lips, gums, or inside the mouth
Other signs can include:
• Bleeding in the mouth
• Pain or numbness in the lip or mouth
• Changes in your voice
• Loose teeth
• Trouble chewing, swallowing, or moving your tongue or jaw
• Swelling in your jaw
• A sore throat that doesn't go away
Several things can increase your risk of getting lip and oral cavity cancer:
• Using tobacco (including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco)
• Drinking a lot of alcohol
• Getting too much sun on your lips
• Having a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
Doctors diagnose this cancer by examining your mouth and doing tests like:
• A biopsy (taking a small piece of tissue to look at under a microscope)
• Imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs
• Endoscopy (using a small camera to look at your throat)
Treatment depends on how advanced the cancer is and where it's located. Common treatments include:
• Surgery to remove the cancer
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Sometimes a combination of these
Early detection is key for successful treatment. That's why it's important to see your dentist regularly and report any unusual changes in your mouth to your doctor.
Trend
• In the United States, oral cavity and pharynx cancers (which include lip and oral cavity cancers) are expected to affect about 54,540 people in 2023.
• This number has been slowly increasing over the past few years.
• For a five-year projection, if current trends continue, we might expect to see around 55,000 to 60,000 new cases per year by 2028. However, this is just an estimate and could change based on factors like changes in smoking rates or new prevention strategies.
History
Oral cancers have been known for a long time, but our understanding of them has greatly improved over the years.
In the early 1900s, doctors started recognizing different types of mouth cancers. A big change came in the 1950s and 1960s when researchers began to understand the link between tobacco use and oral cancers.
In recent decades, we've learned more about other risk factors, like alcohol use and HPV infection. We've also developed better ways to detect and treat these cancers. For example, new surgical techniques and targeted therapies have improved treatment outcomes for many patients.
Despite these advances, oral cancers remain a serious health concern. Researchers are working on new ways to prevent, detect, and treat these cancers, improving patients' survival rates and quality of life.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• National Cancer Institute
• The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center
• Penn Medicine Abramson Cancer Center
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Gallbladder Carcinoma
• The most common type is called Adenocarcinoma
What is Gallbladder Cancer?
Gallbladder cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the gallbladder, a small, pear-shaped organ located under the liver. The gallbladder stores bile, a fluid made by the liver that helps digest fats.
Gallbladder cancer usually begins in the gland-like cells that line the inside of the gallbladder. These cells can grow uncontrollably and form a tumor.
Most gallbladder cancers are adenocarcinomas, which means they start in the gland-like cells. There are three types of adenocarcinomas:
• Nonpapillary
• Papillary
• Mucinous.
• Nonpapillary is the most common and aggressive, while papillary is less likely to spread and has a better prognosis.
Gallbladder cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage because it doesn't cause symptoms early on. When symptoms do appear, they can include:
• Belly pain
• Bloating
• A lump you can feel in your belly
• Unexplained weight loss (which isn’t usually present in the early stages)
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
How is it Diagnosed?
• Gallbladder cancer is diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests and biopsies.
• Doctors may use ultrasounds, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans to look at the gallbladder and surrounding organs.
• Blood tests can also help but are not specific for gallbladder cancer.
• If a suspicious area is found, a biopsy, where a small piece of tissue is taken and examined under a microscope, is done to confirm the diagnosis.
How is it Treated?
The treatment for gallbladder cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and the patient's overall health.
• Early-stage gallbladder cancer can sometimes be treated with surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) and nearby tissues.
• If the cancer has spread, additional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be used. • Advanced gallbladder cancer that cannot be surgically removed is usually treated with palliative care to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
Trends
• Gallbladder cancer is rare in the United States. It accounts for about 0.5% of all cancers.
• Each year, about 4,000 new cases are diagnosed in the US.
• Over the past five years, approximately 20,000 people in the US have been diagnosed with gallbladder cancer.
• The number of new cases of gallbladder cancer is expected to remain relatively stable over the next five years due to its rarity and the lack of significant changes in risk factors.
History
Gallbladder cancer has been known to medical science for many years, but it remains a rare and often deadly disease. The gallbladder was first described in ancient times, but it wasn't until modern medical imaging and surgical techniques that gallbladder cancer could be accurately diagnosed and treated.
Historically, gallbladder cancer was often discovered incidentally during surgeries for other conditions, such as gallstones. Advances in imaging technology, such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRIs, have improved the ability to detect gallbladder cancer earlier, although it is still often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
• American Cancer Society
• Mayo Clinic
• Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Mercury Toxicity
• Hydrargyria / Hydrargyrism
• Quick-Silver Poisoning
What is Mercury Poisoning?
Mercury poisoning is a serious health condition caused by exposure to too much mercury, a toxic metal. Mercury is a shiny, silver-colored metal that is liquid at room temperature. It can be found in nature and in some man-made products.
There are three main types of mercury that can cause poisoning:
• Elemental (like in old thermometers)
• Inorganic (used in some industrial processes)
• Organic (found in some fish).
Mercury Exposure: Pathways and Health Risks
When someone breathes in mercury vapor, eats food with mercury in it, or touches mercury, it can enter their body and cause harm. Mercury is especially dangerous because it can build up in the body over time, leading to long-term health problems.
Impact of Mercury on the Nervous System
• Mercury mainly affects the nervous system, including the brain and nerves. It can cause symptoms like shaking, memory problems, and mood changes.
• In severe cases, it can lead to serious brain damage, kidney problems, and even death.
• Unborn babies and young children are most at risk because their bodies are still developing.
• The symptoms and effects vary by mercury type, exposure level, and duration.
• Mercury poisoning can be acute (sudden large exposure) or chronic (slowly from repeated small exposures).
People can be exposed to mercury in different ways
• Eating certain types of fish
• Breathing in mercury vapor from spills or industrial processes
• Using products that contain mercury
How is it diagnosed?
• Blood tests to measure mercury levels
• Urine tests to check for mercury (usually collected over 24 hours)
• Hair analysis to look for long-term exposure
• Physical exam to check for symptoms like tremors or skin changes
• Neurological tests to check brain function
• Kidney function tests
• Asking about possible mercury exposure at work or home
• Checking for signs of mercury poisoning in the mouth (for some types)
• Brain scans (in severe cases) to look for damage
How is it treated?
• Stopping the exposure to mercury right away
• Removing contaminated clothing and washing the skin (if mercury touched the skin)
• Chelation therapy (special medicines that help remove mercury from the body)
• Supportive care for symptoms (like fluids for dehydration)
• Breathing support if lung problems develop
• Kidney dialysis if there's severe kidney damage
• Long-term monitoring of mercury levels
• Treatment for any lasting nerve or brain damage
• Avoiding further exposure to mercury
Trend
Mercury poisoning is rare. In the United States, exact numbers are hard to find because not all cases are reported. However, here's what we know:
• It's estimated to be in the hundreds to low thousands yearly.
• In the last five years, likely in the range of a few thousand cases.
• Five-year projection: stable or slightly decreased due to better awareness and regulations on mercury use.
History
Mercury has been known to be toxic for centuries. In the 1800s and early 1900s, mercury poisoning was common among hat makers, leading to the phrase "mad as a hatter."
A significant incident occurred in Minamata, Japan, in the 1950s. A chemical factory released mercury into the water, causing severe poisoning in local people who ate contaminated fish. This event raised global awareness about mercury's dangers.
In the United States, due to safety concerns, mercury use in everyday items like thermometers and dental fillings has decreased since the late 20th century. Today, most mercury exposure comes from eating certain types of fish or from industrial processes.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Iowa Health & Human Services
• New York State Department of Health
• US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
• Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome
What is Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)?
PSP is a rare brain disorder that affects movement, balance, and thinking. It happens when certain parts of the brain are damaged over time. This damage is caused by a buildup of a protein called tau, which forms clumps in brain cells.
People with PSP have trouble with balance and often fall backward. They also have problems moving their eyes up and down, making it hard to read or go down stairs. As the disease progresses, it can cause stiffness, slow movement, and changes in speech and swallowing. Some people with PSP also have memory problems or changes in their personality.
PSP usually starts in people over 60 and gets worse as time goes on. It's different from other brain disorders like Parkinson's disease, even though they might look similar at first. Getting the right diagnosis is important because the treatments can be different.
How is PSP diagnosed?
• Doctors look at a person's symptoms and medical history
• Physical exam to check balance, walking, and eye movements
• Brain scans like MRI to look for brain changes
• Tests of thinking and memory skills
• Checking how well someone responds to Parkinson's medications
• Blood tests to rule out other conditions
• Sometimes, special scans called DaTscans or PET scans
How is PSP treated?
• Although a cure isn’t available, treatments can help with symptoms
• Physical therapy to help with movement and balance
• Speech therapy for speaking and swallowing problems
• Occupational therapy to help with daily activities
• Special glasses or Botox injections for eye problems
• Medications to help with stiffness or other symptoms
• Feeding tubes if swallowing becomes too difficult
Trend
• In the United States, about 20,000 people have PSP. This number is probably low because many cases are misdiagnosed.
• There isn't clear information about how many people have had PSP in the last five years or projections for the next five years. This is because PSP is rare and often mistaken for other conditions.
History
PSP was first described in 1964 by three doctors: Steele, Richardson, and Olszewski. That's why it's sometimes called Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome.
Before this, people with PSP were often thought to have other brain diseases. Since then, doctors have learned more about what causes PSP and how it affects the brain.
In recent years, researchers have found different types of PSP, which can help with diagnosis and treatment. Scientists are still working hard to find better ways to diagnose and treat.
Source of Information (US and UK)
• CurePSP
• National Health Service (NHS) - publicly funded healthcare system in England
• Practical Neurology (BMJ Journals and co-published with the Association of British Neurologists)
• Stanford Medicine Healthcare
• University of California San Francisco
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Difference between Profound Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is like a big umbrella that covers many different types of autism. Profound autism is one part of this spectrum, but it's at the most severe end.
People with ASD can have a wide range of abilities. Some might have trouble in social situations but can speak well and live independently. Others might need more help but can still do many things independently.
Profound autism is different because people with profound autism need help with almost everything they do, they usually can't speak or can only say a few words, their IQ is very low, usually below 50, they often have behaviors that can be dangerous, like hurting themselves, and they need constant care and support throughout their lives.
So, while all people with profound autism have ASD, not all people with ASD have profound autism. It's like saying all squares are rectangles, but not all rectangles are squares.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
What is Skin Cancer?
Skin cancer is an abnormal growth of skin cells that occurs when these cells grow out of control. The primary cause of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Skin cancer is not contagious. Early detection and treatment are crucial for successful outcomes.
There are three main types of skin cancer:
• Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): The most common type, BCC typically appears as a flesh-colored bump, a pinkish patch, or a round growth. It often develops on sun-exposed areas like the head, neck, and arms. While BCC rarely spreads, it can cause significant damage if left untreated.
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC): The second most common type, SCC often looks like a red, firm bump, a scaly patch, or a sore that heals and reopens. Like BCC, it primarily affects sun-exposed areas. SCC can grow deeper into the skin and has a higher risk of spreading compared to BCC.
• Melanoma: The most serious type, melanoma can develop from an existing mole or as a new dark spot on the skin. Its highly aggressive and can spread rapidly to other parts of the body. Melanoma is characterized by the ABCDE rule:
• Asymmetry: One half of the mole doesn't match the other.
• Border irregularity: The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred.
• Color variation: The color is uneven, with shades of black, brown, red, white, or blue.
• Diameter: Larger than a pencil eraser (about 6 millimeters).
• Evolving: The mole changes in size, shape, or color.
Skin cancer is typically diagnosed through:
• Visual Examination: A doctor examines the skin for suspicious spots, considering factors like size, shape, color, and texture.
• Skin Biopsy: A small sample of the suspicious area is removed and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
• Imaging Tests: For advanced cases, imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs may be used to assess if the cancer has spread.
Treatment options vary based on the type, size, location, and stage of the skin cancer:
• Freezing (Cryosurgery): For small, early-stage cancers, liquid nitrogen is used to freeze and destroy abnormal cells.
• Excisional Surgery: The cancerous tissue and a margin of healthy skin are removed surgically. This is often the preferred treatment for basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas.
• Mohs Surgery: This precise technique is used for complex or recurrent skin cancers, especially those on the face or other sensitive areas.
• Curettage and Electrodesiccation: A scraping tool removes the cancer, followed by the use of an electric needle to destroy the remaining cells.
• Radiation Therapy: High-energy beams target and kill cancer cells, often used for skin cancers that cannot be surgically removed or have recurred.
• Chemotherapy: Systemic treatment used primarily for advanced melanoma.
• Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy: Newer treatments that boost the immune system or target specific cancer cells, often used for melanoma.
Key prevention measures include:
• Protecting your skin from excessive sun exposure is essential for preventing skin cancer.
• Seeking shade during peak sun hours (10 AM to 4 PM)
• Wearing protective clothing, including hats and sunglasses
• Using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher
• Avoiding tanning beds and sunlamps
• Regular self-skin exams and professional skin checks
Trend
• In the US, skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. About 1 in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer at some point in their lives.
• Over the past five years, millions of people in the U.S. have been diagnosed with skin cancer. For example, more than 5 million cases of basal and squamous cell skin cancers are diagnosed each year.
• The number of skin cancer cases is expected to continue rising. With increasing awareness and better detection methods, more cases will likely be diagnosed in the coming years. However, preventive measures like using sunscreen and avoiding tanning beds can help reduce the risk.
History
Skin cancer has been recognized for centuries. Early descriptions date back to ancient Egypt and Greece, where physicians noted unusual skin growths. However, it wasn't until the 20th century that the link between UV exposure and skin cancer was clearly established.
With the rise of outdoor activities and tanning trends, the incidence of skin cancer increased significantly. Today, skin cancer is well-studied, and various treatments are available, making early detection and prevention crucial in managing the disease.
• American Cancer Society
• Mayo Clinic
• Emory Winship Cancer Center
• University of Michigan Health
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
• BPH
• Enlarged Prostate
• Prostate gland enlargement
What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is when a man's prostate gland gets bigger as he gets older. The prostate is a small gland that sits below the bladder in men. It helps make semen, the fluid that carries sperm.
As men age, it's common for the prostate to grow larger. This isn't cancer, and that's why it's called "benign." When the prostate gets bigger, it can squeeze the tube that carries urine out of the body. This can make it hard to pee.
Some common problems men with BPH might have, are:
• Needing to pee a lot, especially at night
• Trouble starting to pee
• A weak stream of urine
• Feeling like you can't empty your bladder all the way
• Dribbling after you finish peeing
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is very common in older men. About half of men between 51 and 60 have it, and up to 90% of men over 80 have it. Just because you have BPH doesn't mean you'll have symptoms. Some men with large prostates have no problems, while others with smaller prostates might have many symptoms.
Doctors aren't sure exactly why the prostate grows larger with age, but it might have to do with changes in male hormones as men get older. BPH isn't caused by cancer and doesn't increase your risk of getting prostate cancer.
How is it diagnosed?
• Your doctor asks about your symptoms and health history
• Physical exam, including a digital rectal exam to feel the prostate
• Urine tests to check for infection or other problems
• Blood tests to check your kidney function and look for prostate cancer
• A test to see how fast your urine flows
• Ultrasound of your prostate
• Sometimes, a test involves peeing into a special toilet that measures how much and how fast you go
How is it treated?
• Watchful waiting: If your symptoms are mild, you might just keep an eye on them
• Lifestyle changes: Drinking less before bedtime, avoiding caffeine and alcohol
• Medicines to shrink the prostate or relax the muscles around it
• A special machine that uses heat to shrink part of the prostate
• Surgery to remove part of the prostate (only for severe cases)
• New treatments that use water vapor or tiny implants to reduce prostate size
Trend
• In the United States, about 14 million men have it.
• Around 30 million men have had it in the last five years.
• The number is expected to grow as the population ages.
History
People have known about prostate problems for a long time, but they didn't always understand what caused them.
In the early 1900s, doctors started doing surgery to help men with severe prostate problems. In the 1970s, new medicines were developed to treat BPH without surgery.
Today, there are many ways to treat BPH, from pills to minimally invasive procedures. Doctors always look for new and better ways to help men with this common condition.
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institutes of Health
• Urology Care Foundation (powered by trusted experts of the American Urological Association)
• The diagram is from American Prostate Centers
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Hepatic Cancer
What is Liver Cancer?
Liver cancer is a condition where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the liver. The most common type of primary liver cancer is called hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Liver cancer begins in the cells of the liver, which is a large organ located in the upper right part of the abdomen. The liver performs many important functions, including filtering blood, producing bile for digestion, and storing energy. When cancer starts in the liver, it disrupts these normal functions and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
There are different types of liver cancer. The most common is:
• Hepatocellular carcinoma, which starts in the main type of liver cell called hepatocytes.
Other less common types include:
• Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer)
• Hepatoblastoma (a rare type that affects young children)
Liver cancer often doesn't cause symptoms in its early stages. When symptoms do appear, they may include:
• Unexplained weight loss
• Loss of appetite
• Upper abdominal pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Weakness
• Fatigue
• Abdominal swelling
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
The exact cause of liver cancer is not always known, but certain factors increase the risk of developing it. These include:
• Chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C)
• Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Obesity
• Certain inherited liver diseases
Trend
• In the United States, liver cancer is becoming more common. According to the American Cancer Society, about 41,210 new cases of primary liver cancer and intrahepatic bile duct cancer will be diagnosed in 2023.
• Over the past 5 years (2018-2022), an estimated 200,000 people were diagnosed with liver cancer in the US.
• The number of liver cancer cases is projected to increase over the next five years. This shows that liver cancer is a growing concern in the United States.
History
Liver cancer has been known to medical science for centuries, but our understanding of it has greatly improved in recent decades. In the past, liver cancer was often diagnosed at late stages when treatment options were limited. However, advances in medical imaging and diagnostic techniques have allowed for earlier detection.
The discovery of the link between hepatitis B and C viruses and liver cancer in the latter half of the 20th century was a significant breakthrough. This led to the development of vaccines and treatments for hepatitis, which have helped in preventing some cases of liver cancer. Today, research continues to improve our understanding of liver cancer and develop new treatment options.
• American Cancer Society
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• New Daily Persistent Headache
• NDPH
• Chronic daily headache
What is New Daily Persistent Headache?
New Daily Persistent Headache (NDPH) is a type of headache that starts suddenly and continues daily for at least three months. It's different from other headaches because people with NDPH can usually remember the exact day their headache started. This headache comes on quickly, often within a few hours or less, and doesn't go away.
The pain of NDPH can vary from person to person. Some people describe it as a constant, dull ache, while others say it feels like a pressing or tightening sensation. The pain can be on both sides of the head or just one side. It might feel worse when you move your head or neck.
NDPH can cause other symptoms besides head pain, such as:
• Sensitivity to light or sound
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Trouble concentrating
• Changes in sleep patterns
Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes NDPH. Some think it might be triggered by:
• An infection
• Stress
• Minor head injury.
• Others believe it could be related to changes in how the brain processes pain signals.
Diagnosing NDPH can be tricky because its symptoms are similar to other types of headaches.
• Doctors usually diagnose it based on a person's description of when and how the headache started and by ruling out other possible causes.
Treatment for NDPH can be challenging because it often doesn't respond well to typical headache medications. Doctors might try different approaches, including:
• Pain relief medications
• Preventive medications (like those used for migraines)
• Nerve blocks
• Lifestyle changes (like improving sleep habits or reducing stress)
• Alternative therapies (such as acupuncture or biofeedback)
Living with NDPH can be difficult because the pain is constant and doesn't go away easily. It can affect a person's ability to work, attend school, or enjoy daily activities. However, with proper treatment and support, many people with NDPH can manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
Trend
• NDPH is considered a rare condition. Doctors and researchers don't know exactly how many people have it because few studies have been done to count the number of cases.
History
Dr. Walter Vanast first described the new daily persistent headache in 1986. He noticed that some patients developed sudden, daily headaches that didn't fit into other headache categories. Since then, doctors and researchers have been working to better understand this condition.
In the 1990s and early 2000s, more studies were conducted to define NDPH's characteristics and separate it from other types of chronic daily headaches.
In 2004, the International Headache Society officially recognized NDPH as a distinct headache disorder in its classification system.
Over the years, researchers have tried to identify potential causes and effective treatments for NDPH. While progress has been made, there's still much to learn about this challenging condition.
Today, doctors continue to study NDPH to improve diagnosis and develop better treatment options for people who suffer from it.
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• American Migraine Foundation
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
• NPC
What is Nasopharynx Cancer?
Nasopharyngeal cancer is a kind of cancer that begins in the nasopharynx. This is a part of your body that you can't see easily. It's in the upper area of your throat, behind your nose and close to where your skull starts. The nasopharynx is shaped like a small box, measuring about 1½ inches on all sides. If you imagine the inside of your head, the nasopharynx would sit behind your nose, just above the soft, squishy part at the top of your mouth.
This cancer begins when cells in the nasopharynx grow out of control and form a tumor. Most nasopharyngeal cancers start in the cells that line the nasopharynx. The exact cause isn't known, but several factors can raise your risk:
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection
• Eating a diet high in salt-cured fish and meats
• Having a family history of nasopharyngeal cancer
• Being of Chinese or Asian ancestry
• Exposure to wood dust or formaldehyde at work
Symptoms may include:
• A lump in the neck
• Hearing loss
• Ringing in the ears
• Stuffy nose
• Nosebleeds
• Headaches
• Blurry or double vision
• Face pain or numbness
• Trouble opening the mouth
• Trouble breathing or speaking
How is it diagnosed?
• Physical exam: The doctor checks for lumps or anything unusual in your head and neck.
• Nasoscopy: A thin, lighted tube is put in your nose to look at the nasopharynx.
• Biopsy: A small piece of tissue is removed and checked for cancer cells.
• Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans to see inside your body.
• Blood tests: To check your overall health and for signs of EBV.
How is it treated?
There are multiple treatments:
• Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body.
• Targeted therapy: Uses drugs that target specific parts of cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy: Helps your immune system fight cancer.
• Surgery: Rarely used because the nasopharynx is hard to reach.
Your doctor can advise which treatment (s) are best for you.
Trend
• In the US, about 3,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.
• Approximately 15,000 people have had it in the last five years.
• The number of cases is expected to remain stable or slightly increase.
History
Nasopharyngeal cancer was first described in 1901. In the 1960s, doctors found a link between this cancer and the Epstein-Barr virus. This was a big step in understanding the disease.
Over time, treatments have gotten better. In the past, surgery was the main treatment, but it was very hard because of where the cancer grows. Radiation and chemotherapy are the main treatments, and they work much better.
Doctors have also found that this cancer is more common in certain parts of the world, like Southeast Asia. This has helped them understand more about what might cause it and how to prevent it.
• American Cancer Society
• National Cancer Institute
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Gastric cancer
What is Stomach Cancer?
Stomach cancer is a disease that starts in the stomach. The stomach is an organ that helps digest food. It's shaped like a sack in the upper part of your belly.
In stomach cancer, some cells in the stomach start growing out of control. These abnormal cells can form a lump called a tumor. The cancer usually begins in the inner lining of the stomach and can slowly grow deeper into the stomach walls over time.
There are different types of stomach cancer, but the most common one is called adenocarcinoma. This type starts in the cells that make mucus, which helps protect the stomach lining.
Stomach cancer often doesn't cause symptoms early on. When symptoms do appear, they can include:
• Feeling full after eating only a small amount of food
• Trouble swallowing
• Belly pain
• Heartburn
• Nausea and vomiting
• Losing weight without trying
• Feeling tired all the time
It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so seeing a doctor for a proper diagnosis is crucial.
Several things can increase a person's risk of getting stomach cancer:
• Being older (most people who get it are over 65)
• Being male (it's more common in men)
• Eating a lot of salty or smoked foods
• Smoking
• Having a family history of stomach cancer
• Having certain stomach conditions, like long-lasting stomach inflammation
Doctors use different tests to find stomach cancer. These might include:
• Looking inside the stomach with a tiny camera (called an endoscopy)
• Taking small samples of stomach tissue to check for cancer cells (biopsy)
• Special X-rays or scans to see inside the body
If stomach cancer is found, doctors determine its stage, which tells how far the cancer has spread. This helps decide the best treatment.
Treatment options can include:
• Surgery to remove part or all of the stomach
• Chemotherapy (special medicines that kill cancer cells)
• Radiation therapy (using high-energy beams to kill cancer cells)
• Targeted therapy (drugs that attack specific parts of cancer cells)
• The earlier stomach cancer is found, the better the chances of successful treatment. However, because early symptoms are often mild or absent, many cases are found when the cancer is more advanced.
Trend
• In the United States, about 26,500 new cases of stomach cancer are expected to be diagnosed in 2024.
• Over the last five years (2019-2023), an estimated 132,500 people were diagnosed with stomach cancer.
• The five-year projection suggests that around 132,500 new cases of stomach cancer will be diagnosed between 2024 and 2028, assuming the current trend continues.
History
Stomach cancer has been known for centuries, but our understanding of it has changed significantly. In the early 1900s, it was one of the most common and deadly cancers in the United States. However, its occurrence has been declining steadily since the 1930s.
This decrease is thought to be due to several factors, including better food preservation methods (less salt used for preservation), increased refrigeration use, and lower rates of a stomach infection called H. pylori. The development of better diagnostic tools, like endoscopy, has also helped doctors find and treat stomach problems earlier, sometimes before they turn into cancer.
Despite the overall decline in the U.S., stomach cancer remains a significant health problem worldwide, especially in parts of East Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America.
• American Cancer Society
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Endophthalmia
• Infectious Endophthalmitis, when caused by bacteria or fungi
• Panophthalmitis, if the infection spreads to all parts of the eye and surrounding tissues
What is Endophthalmitis?
Endophthalmitis is a serious infection and inflammation inside the eye, affecting the fluids called Aqueous Humor (at the front of the eye) and Vitreous Humor (in the back of the eye).
It is considered a medical emergency because it can cause permanent vision loss or even lead to the loss of the eye itself if not treated quickly.
The infection is usually caused by bacteria or fungi, which can enter the eye in two main ways:
• Exogenous Endophthalmitis: This happens when germs get into the eye from outside sources, such as during surgery (like cataract surgery), through an eye injury, or after injections into the eyeball.
• Endogenous Endophthalmitis: This occurs when germs spread to the eye from another part of the body through the bloodstream. For example, people with infections like sepsis, urinary tract infections, or fungal infections may develop this type.
Symptoms
The symptoms can appear suddenly (acute) or develop slowly over time (chronic). Common signs include:
• Severe pain in one or both eyes
• Redness and swelling
• Blurry or decreased vision
• Sensitivity to light
• Pus or discharge from the eye
How is it diagnosed?
Doctors diagnose endophthalmitis using several methods:
• A detailed eye exam to check for redness, swelling, and other symptoms.
• Taking a sample of fluid from inside the eye (vitreous tap) to identify the bacteria or fungi causing the infection.
• Blood tests if systemic infection is suspected.
• An ocular ultrasound to check for signs of infection deep inside the eye.
How is it treated?
• Treatment depends on how severe the infection is but may include:
• Intravitreal injections (antibiotics or antifungal medications injected directly into the eye).
• Corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation.
• Eye drops with antibiotics or antifungal agents.
• Surgery called a vitrectomy, where infected fluid is removed from inside the eye.
• Systemic antibiotics (oral or intravenous) for infections spreading through the bloodstream.
Trends
• In the US, Endophthalmitis occurs in about 0.04% to 0.1% of cases after cataract surgery.
• Cases following intravitreal injections are similarly rare, with rates below 0.05%.
• Traumatic injuries leading to endophthalmitis occur in approximately 0.9% to 10% of cases, depending on wound severity and location.
Five-Year Trends:
• The number of cases has increased slightly due to more frequent use of intravitreal injections for conditions like macular degeneration.
• A growing concern involves fungal endophthalmitis linked to systemic infections in immunocompromised patients.
• While overall rates remain low, continued increases in surgeries and injections may lead to a slight rise in cases over the next five years. Improved surgical techniques and infection prevention measures are expected to limit this growth.
History
Endophthalmitis has been recognized for centuries as a complication of trauma or surgery involving the eye. Before modern antibiotics, it often led to blindness.
Infections were first better controlled in the mid-20th century with advancements in aseptic surgical techniques and antibiotics. The introduction of intravitreal injection therapies for retinal diseases in recent decades brought new challenges, as these procedures slightly increased infection risks. However, improved sterilization methods have kept rates low.
Today, early diagnosis and advanced treatments like vitrectomy allow many patients to preserve their vision.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology
• Cleveland Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• The Foundation – American Society of Retina Specialists
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Endometrial Cancer
• Some people use these terms interchangeably, but uterine cancer is a broader term that includes endometrial cancer and a rarer type called uterine sarcoma.
What is Uterine Cancer?
Uterine cancer is a disease that affects the uterus, which is part of a woman's reproductive system. The uterus is where a baby grows during pregnancy. It's shaped like a pear in the lower part of a woman's belly.
There are two main types of uterine cancer:
• Endometrial cancer: This is the most common type, making up about 95% of all uterine cancers. It starts in the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus.
• Uterine sarcoma: This is a rare type that starts in the muscles or other tissues of the uterus.
Uterine cancer happens when normal cells in the uterus change and grow out of control, forming a tumor. These cancer cells can spread to other body parts if not treated.
Some common signs of uterine cancer include:
• Unusual bleeding or discharge from the vagina, especially after menopause
• Pain or difficulty when peeing
• Pain during sex
• Pain in the pelvic area
• Unexplained weight loss
Uterine cancer is most common in women over 45, but it can affect younger women too. Some things that can increase a woman's risk of getting uterine cancer include:
• Being overweight or obese
• Having gone through menopause
• Taking estrogen by itself (without progesterone) for hormone replacement
• Having certain medical conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
• Having a family history of uterine, ovarian, or colon cancer
Doctors can diagnose uterine cancer through various tests, including:
• A physical exam
• Ultrasound of the pelvis
• Biopsy (taking a small sample of tissue to examine under a microscope)
Treatment for uterine cancer usually involves surgery to remove the uterus (called a hysterectomy). Depending on how advanced the cancer is, a woman might also need radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.
The good news is that when uterine cancer is caught early, it can often be cured. That's why it's important for women to see their doctor regularly and report any unusual symptoms.
Trend
• In the United States, about 66,570 new cases of uterine cancer were expected to be diagnosed in 2021.
• As for the number of people living with uterine cancer, it's estimated that about 813,860 women were living with uterine corpus cancer in the United States in 2018.
• The number of new cases has been increasing slightly each year for the past five years. This trend is expected to continue over the next five years.
History
Uterine cancer has been known for a long time, but our understanding of it has changed a lot over the years. In the past, doctors didn't always distinguish between different types of uterine cancer.
In the early 1900s, researchers started to understand more about the different types of cells in the uterus and how they could become cancerous.
A big change came in the 1950s when doctors started to use a test called a Pap smear to check for cervical cancer. While this test doesn't check for uterine cancer, it made more women aware of the importance of regular check-ups.
In recent decades, better imaging techniques like ultrasound and MRI have helped doctors diagnose uterine cancer earlier. New treatments have also been developed, giving women with uterine cancer more options and better chances of survival.
• Yale Medicine
• Cleveland Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, Medline Plus
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
• SLE
What is Lupus?
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs. In autoimmune diseases, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues. This can cause inflammation, pain, and damage to different parts of the body.
There are several types of lupus, but the most common and serious form is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Other types include cutaneous lupus (affecting mainly the skin) and drug-induced lupus (caused by certain medications).
Symptoms can vary widely from person to person and may come and go. Some common symptoms include:
• Fatigue
• Joint pain and swelling
• Skin rashes, including the characteristic "butterfly rash" across the cheeks and nose
• Fever
• Hair loss
• Sensitivity to sunlight
• Chest pain
• Dry eyes and mouth
• Headaches
• Memory problems or confusion
• Anemia
• Blood clotting problems
The exact cause of lupus is unknown, but it's believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some potential triggers include:
• Sunlight exposure
• Infections
• Certain medications
• Stress
• Hormonal changes
Diagnosing lupus can be challenging because its symptoms often mimic those of other conditions. Doctors typically use a combination of physical examinations, blood tests, and sometimes biopsies to make a diagnosis.
Treatment for lupus aims to control symptoms, reduce inflammation, and prevent organ damage. The treatment plan is tailored to each individual based on their specific symptoms and severity. Common treatments include:
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and inflammation
• Antimalarial drugs to treat skin rashes, joint pain, and fatigue
• Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
• Immunosuppressants to control the overactive immune system
• Biologics, which target specific parts of the immune system
Living with lupus can be challenging, but many people with the condition lead full, active lives. Managing stress, getting enough rest, eating a healthy diet, and avoiding triggers like sunlight can help control symptoms.
Trend
• In the United States, it's estimated that about 1.5 million people have lupus. The prevalence of lupus has been increasing over the past few decades, possibly due to improved diagnosis and awareness.
• Projections for the next five years suggest that the number of people with lupus will continue to rise.
History
Lupus has been recognized as a disease for centuries, with descriptions dating back to the Middle Ages. The term "lupus" (Latin for "wolf") was first used in the 13th century to describe erosive facial lesions that were thought to resemble wolf bites.
In the 1800s, doctors began recognizing lupus as a systemic disease affecting multiple organs. The discovery of the LE cell in 1948 marked a significant breakthrough in diagnosing lupus.
In the 1950s and 1960s, developing corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs greatly improved treatment options. During this time, the understanding of lupus as an autoimmune disease emerged.
Today, ongoing research continues to improve our understanding of lupus and develop new treatments, including targeted therapies that aim to control the immune system more precisely.
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• Lupus Foundation of America
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
What is Muscular Dystrophy?
Muscular Dystrophy (MD) is a group of genetic diseases in which muscles weaken over time. These diseases make it hard for people to move around because their muscles break down.
There are over 30 types of MD, each with its symptoms, how fast it gets worse, and which muscles it affects. The most common type, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, usually starts in young boys and can be very serious. Other types might not show up until later in life and might not be as severe.
Different Types of Muscular Dystrophy
The most common include:
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): Affects boys mostly, starts early, and is very severe.
• Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Similar to DMD but less severe and progresses slower.
• Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD): Present at birth or before age 2, can be mild or severe.
• Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD): Starts in the teenage years and affects the face, shoulders, and upper arms.
• Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD): Affects muscles around the shoulders and hips and can start at any age.
• Myotonic Dystrophy: Affects muscles and can impact other organs like the heart and eyes.
• Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy: Causes early contractures, heart problems, and muscle weakness.
• Distal Muscular Dystrophy: Affects muscles in the hands, feet, lower arms, and legs, usually in adulthood.
• Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy: Affects muscles of the eyes and throat, usually in middle age.
How is Muscular Dystrophy Diagnosed?
• Medical History and Physical Exam: Doctors ask about family history and check for signs of muscle weakness.
• Blood Tests: Look for high creatine kinase (CK) levels, which leaks from damaged muscles.
• Genetic Testing: Checks for mutations in genes known to cause MD.
• Muscle Biopsy: A small piece of muscle is removed and examined under a microscope.
• Electromyography (EMG): Measures electrical activity in muscles to see if the problem is in the muscles or nerves.
• Heart and Lung Tests: To check for complications in these organs.
How is Muscular Dystrophy Treated?
• Physical Therapy: Helps keep muscles flexible and strong.
• Medications: Like steroids to slow muscle damage or drugs for heart and lung issues.
• Assistive Devices: Wheelchairs, braces, or other equipment to help with mobility.
• Surgery: For conditions like scoliosis or to correct contractures.
• Gene Therapy: New treatments like Elevidys for DMD aim to fix the genetic problem. It's important to note that gene therapy is still a relatively new field, and research is ongoing.
Trends
• Prevalence in the United States: Approximately 250,000 individuals are estimated to be living with muscular dystrophy or related neuromuscular disorders in the U.S.
• Global Prevalence: Muscular dystrophy affects an estimated 1 in every 5,000 to 10,000 individuals worldwide.
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Specifics:
• In the US: About 15,000 people in the US have Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy alone.
• Worldwide: Approximately 1 in 3,500 to 5,000 male births.
History
Charles Bell first described muscular dystrophy in the 1830s. The term "dystrophy" comes from Greek words meaning "no" and "nourishment."
In the 1860s, Guillaume Duchenne gave a detailed account of what we now call Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
It wasn't until the 1980s that scientists discovered the genetic cause, identifying the dystrophin protein. Since then, research has focused on understanding the disease better and finding treatments.
• CDC Centers for Disease Control
• Mayo Clinic
• Muscular Dystrophy Association
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
• Nationwide Children’s
• Northwestern Medicine
• US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Schriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Sometimes called bronchogenic carcinoma or pulmonary carcinoma
What is Lung Cancer?
Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs start growing out of control. These abnormal cells can form tumors and spread to other body parts.
There are two main types of lung cancer:
• Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This type is more common, making up about 80-85% of all lung cancer cases.
• Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
The lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that help you breathe. When you inhale, your lungs take in oxygen and when you exhale, they remove carbon dioxide. Lung cancer can start in different parts of the lungs, like the airways (bronchi or bronchioles) or the tiny air sacs (alveoli).
Smoking is the biggest cause of lung cancer, but people who have never smoked can get it too. Other risk factors include:
• Exposure to secondhand smoke
• Radon gas
• Air pollution
• Certain chemicals
Symptoms of lung cancer often don't show up until the disease is advanced. Some signs to watch for include:
• A cough that doesn't go away
• Coughing up blood
• Chest pain
• Trouble breathing
• Losing weight without trying
Doctors use various tests to diagnose lung cancer, such as
• Chest X-rays
• CT scans
• Biopsies
Treatment options depend on the type and stage of cancer but may include:
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted therapy
• Immunotherapy
Trend
• In the United States, the number of new lung cancer cases has been declining steadily, partly because more people are quitting smoking (or not starting). However, lung cancer remains a significant health concern.
• According to the American Cancer Society's estimates, about 238,340 new cases were expected in 2023.
• Approximately 541,000 people alive today have been diagnosed with lung cancer at some point in their lives.
• It's estimated that there will be around 250,000 new cases of lung cancer in the United States by 2029. These numbers show that lung cancer is still a significant health concern, but thanks to better screening and treatment, more people are surviving the disease.
History
Lung cancer was rare before the 1930s, but cases increased dramatically as smoking became more popular. Doctors first linked smoking to lung cancer in the 1950s. Since then, there have been many efforts to reduce smoking and improve lung cancer treatments.
In recent years, new targeted therapies and immunotherapies have been developed, giving patients more treatment options. Screening programs have also been introduced to catch lung cancer earlier in high-risk individuals.
• American Cancer Society
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Mast Cell Activation Syndrome
• MCAS
• Mast Cell Activation Disease
• Mast Cell Activation Disorder
What is Mast Cell Activation Syndrome?
MCAS is a condition where the mast cells in your body, which are part of your immune system, become too active. Normally, mast cells release chemicals like histamine to help fight off infections or heal injuries. But in MCAS, these cells release these chemicals too easily and often, even when they shouldn't.
This can cause many symptoms affecting different parts of the body, such as the skin, heart, stomach, brain, and lungs. People with MCAS might have severe allergic reactions, known as anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening.
There are three main types of MCAS:
• Primary MCAS: This happens when mast cells clone themselves too much, leading to too many mast cells in your organs. It's like having too many soldiers in one place, causing chaos.
• Secondary MCAS: This is more common and happens when you have allergies. Your mast cells are normal in number but overreact to things like pollen or food.
• Idiopathic MCAS: This is when you have allergy-like symptoms, but doctors can't find any reason for them. It's like having an allergic reaction for no reason at all.
These are the symptoms associated with MCAS:
• Skin: itching (pruritus), flushing, hives (urticaria), sweating, swelling (angioedema), rash.
• Eyes: irritation, itching, watering.
• Nose: itching, running.
• Mouth and Throat: itching, swelling in your tongue or lips, swelling in your throat.
• Lungs: trouble breathing, wheezing, shortness of breath, harsh noise when breathing (stridor).
• Heart and Blood Vessels: low blood pressure (hypotension), rapid pulse (tachycardia), passing out (syncope), weak pulse, lightheadedness.
• Stomach and Intestines: cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, gastroesophageal reflux, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), atypical chest pain, constipation, esophagitis, intestinal cramps, bloating, malabsorption, mouth sores, gastroparesis.
• Nervous System: headache, confusion, fatigue, memory problems, balance problems, fainting, brain fog, anxiety, depression, mood swings, sleeping problems, sensitivity to sound or light, dizziness or lightheadedness, excessive drooling.
• Other Symptoms: bone pain, osteoporosis, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, problems with clotting and bleeding, dermatographism (skin writing), fibromyalgia-type pain, joint hypermobility, benign growth anomalies, interstitial cystitis, menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), dysmenorrhea (painful periods), vulvovaginitis, sensory neuropathy, dysautonomia, and various metabolic endocrinologic abnormalities.
• These symptoms can occur in different combinations and may vary in severity over time
How is it diagnosed?
• Recognize Symptoms: doctors look for signs like flushing, hives, stomach issues, and brain fog.
• Response to Treatment: if symptoms get better with medications blocking mast cell chemicals, it might be MCAS.
• Mediator Tests: tests like serum tryptase levels can show if mast cells release too many chemicals.
• Rule Out Other Conditions: doctors make sure there's no other disease causing the symptoms.
How is it treated?
Avoid Triggers:
• If you know what triggers your symptoms, avoid those things.
Medications:
• Antihistamines: these block histamine, which is one of the chemicals mast cells release.
• Mast Cell Stabilizers: these help keep mast cells from releasing chemicals.
• Leukotriene Inhibitors: these block other chemicals that mast cells release.
• Corticosteroids: these can reduce inflammation.
• Monoclonal Antibodies: these are used for severe cases.
• Emergency Medications: epinephrine (adrenaline) for anaphylaxis.
Trend
In the US:
• It's hard to say precisely how many people have MCAS because it's often misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all. But it's considered rare.
• Number of People in the Last Five Years: There's no specific data, but awareness and diagnosis of MCAS have been increasing.
• Five-Year Projection: With more research and awareness, the number of diagnosed cases might increase, but exact numbers are unavailable.
History
MCAS has been recognized more recently than other mast cell disorders like mastocytosis.
It was first described in the early 2000s when doctors noticed patients with symptoms similar to mastocytosis but without the typical signs of too many mast cells in the bone marrow.
Over time, as more research was done, MCAS was identified as a separate condition where mast cells are overly reactive rather than overabundant.
This understanding has helped diagnose and treat people with unexplained symptoms6.
• American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
• BMJ Best Practice
• Mast Cell Action Network
• Mayo Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Yale Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
• Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
What is Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)?
Peripheral arterial disease (PAS) is sometimes called peripheral vascular disease (PVD), but PAD is more specific to artery problems. We'll focus on PAD in this explanation.
PAD (Peripheral Artery Disease) is a problem with blood flow in the arteries, mainly in the legs. It's caused by atherosclerosis, which is when fatty deposits called plaque build up inside the artery walls. This buildup makes the arteries narrow and stiff. As a result, less blood can flow through, which means less oxygen gets to the muscles and tissues in the legs.
PAD is serious because it can lead to other health problems. It's a sign that atherosclerosis might also happen in other parts of your body, not just your legs. This increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes. In severe cases of PAD, the reduced blood flow can cause infections in the legs or feet that don't heal well. If left untreated, it might even lead to amputation in the most serious cases.
Cause and Risk Factors of PAD
The main cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Several risk factors can increase a person's chances of developing atherosclerosis and PAD. These include:
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Being overweight
• Not exercising enough
• Being over 50 years old
• Having a family history of heart disease
These factors don't directly cause PAD, but they make it more likely for a person to develop atherosclerosis, which leads to PAD. Some risk factors, like smoking or lack of exercise, can be changed. Others, like age or family history, can't be changed but are still essential to know about.
What are the symptoms?
• The most common symptom is leg pain when walking, which goes away with rest. This is called intermittent claudication. Other signs include:
• Skin that looks bluish or feels cold
• Sores on the legs or feet that don't heal well
• Weak pulse in the legs or feet
• Hair loss on the legs
• Not everyone with PAD has symptoms. Up to half of the people with this condition might not feel anything unusual.
How is it diagnosed?
• Physical exam: The doctor checks pulses in your legs and feet
• Ankle-brachial index (ABI): Compares blood pressure in your ankle to your arm
• Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to see blood flow in your arteries
• Angiography: Special X-ray that shows your blood vessels
• Blood tests: Check for diabetes and high cholesterol
• Treadmill test: Measures how far you can walk without pain
How is it treated?
• Lifestyle changes: Stop smoking, exercise more, eat a healthy diet
• Medications: To lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, or prevent blood clots
• Exercise rehabilitation program: Guided walking programs to improve symptoms
• Angioplasty: A procedure to open blocked arteries using a small balloon
• Stenting: Placing a small tube in the artery to keep it open
• Bypass surgery: Creating a new path for blood flow around the blocked artery
Trend
• In the United States, about 8 to 12 million people have PAD
• The number of cases has been increasing over the past five years
• It's expected that more people will have PAD in the next five years as the population ages
History
PAD has been known for a long time, but it wasn't well understood until the 20th century.
Previously, doctors thought leg pain was just a normal part of aging. In the 1950s, they started to realize it was a separate disease. Since then, we've learned much more about diagnosing and treating it.
Today, doctors know that PAD is closely linked to heart disease and stroke, so they take it very seriously.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mount Sinai
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Cancer of the Esophagus
What is Esophageal Cancer?
Esophageal cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the esophagus, which is the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach.
Esophageal cancer occurs when cells in the esophagus start growing out of control. If not treated, these cancer cells can form tumors and spread to other parts of the body.
There are two main types of esophageal cancer:
• Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type in the United States. It usually starts in the lower part of the esophagus, near the stomach. It's often linked to acid reflux and a condition called Barrett's esophagus.
• Squamous cell carcinoma: This type used to be more common in the US, but now it's less frequent. It can form anywhere in the esophagus and is often linked to smoking and drinking alcohol.
Symptoms of esophageal cancer often don't show up until the disease is more advanced. Some common signs include:
• Trouble swallowing (feeling like food is stuck in your chest)
• Chest pain or burning
• Weight loss without trying
• Coughing or hoarseness that doesn't go away
Doctors diagnose esophageal cancer using tests like endoscopy (where they look inside your esophagus with a camera) and imaging scans.
Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer, along with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The type of treatment depends on how advanced the cancer is and where it's located.
Trend
• In the United States, over the past 5 years, about 100,000 people have been diagnosed with esophageal cancer.
• The number of new cases has slowly decreased over the past few decades. However, the type of esophageal cancer that's most common (adenocarcinoma) has been increasing. This might be due to more people having acid reflux and obesity, which are risk factors for this type of cancer.
• Experts expect the trend to continue similarly for the next five years, with a slight decrease in overall cases but an increase in adenocarcinoma cases.
History
Esophageal cancer has been known for a long time, but our understanding of it has changed a lot. In the past, squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type in the US. But since the 1970s, adenocarcinoma has become more common. This shift might be due to changes in lifestyle and diet, leading to more acid reflux and obesity.
In the early days, esophageal cancer was very hard to treat. But over time, doctors have developed better ways to diagnose it earlier and treat it more effectively. Today, while it's still a serious disease, more people are surviving esophageal cancer than ever before thanks to improved treatments and earlier detection.
Source of Information
• American Center Society
• John Hopkins Medicine
• Mayo Clinic
• Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
• National Cancer Institute
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Menopausal Syndrome
• Perimenopausal Symptoms
What is Menopause-Related Disorders?
Menopause-related disorders refer to a group of symptoms and health issues that women may experience as they go through menopause. Menopause is a natural biological process that marks the end of a woman's reproductive years, typically occurring between ages 45 and 55.
During menopause, the body's production of estrogen and progesterone hormones decreases, leading to various physical and emotional changes.
Some common menopause-related disorders include:
• Hot flashes and night sweats: Sudden feelings of heat, often accompanied by sweating and flushing.
• Mood changes: Irritability, anxiety, and depression.
• Sleep disturbances: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
• Vaginal dryness and discomfort: Thinning and drying of vaginal tissues, which can lead to painful intercourse.
• Urinary problems: Increased frequency of urination or urinary tract infections.
• Bone loss: Decreased bone density, which can lead to osteoporosis.
• Weight gain and slowed metabolism: Changes in body composition and difficulty maintaining a healthy weight.
• Skin changes: Dryness, thinning, and loss of elasticity.
• Hair changes: Thinning of hair on the head and increased facial hair growth.
• Cognitive changes: Memory problems and difficulty concentrating.
The severity and duration of these symptoms can vary greatly from woman to woman. Some may experience only mild discomfort, while others may have more severe symptoms that significantly impact their quality of life.
Treatment options for menopause-related disorders depend on the specific symptoms and their severity. They may include:
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
• Non-hormonal medications for specific symptoms
• Lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise modifications
• Alternative therapies, like acupuncture or herbal remedies
It's important for women experiencing menopause-related disorders to consult with their healthcare provider to develop an appropriate management plan.
Trend
• In the United States, approximately 1.3 million women enter menopause each year.
• Currently, about 27 million women between ages 45 and 64 are perimenopausal or postmenopausal.
• Given that most women experience some menopausal symptoms, it's safe to assume that a significant portion of the 27 million women mentioned above have dealt with these issues.
• The five-year projection suggests a continued increase in the number of women experiencing menopause-related disorders as the population ages. By 2025, it's estimated that the number of postmenopausal women in the US will rise to about 50 million.
History
The concept of menopause has been recognized for centuries, but understanding of its physiological basis and related disorders has evolved significantly over time. Ancient Greek and Roman texts mention the cessation of menstruation in older women, but it wasn't until the 18th century that the term "menopause" was coined.
In the early 20th century, scientists began to understand the role of hormones in menopause. The isolation of estrogen in the 1920s led to the development of hormone replacement therapy in the 1940s and 1950s. Initially hailed as a "cure" for menopause, HRT became widely prescribed. However, in the early 2000s, large-scale studies revealed potential risks associated with long-term HRT use, leading to more cautious prescribing practices.
Today, research continues to focus on understanding menopause-related disorders and developing safe, effective treatments to improve women's quality of life during this transition.
• National Institute on Aging
• The North American Menopause Society
• U.S. Department of Health & Human Services; Office on Women's Health
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• MS
• Disseminated sclerosis
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
Multiple sclerosis is a long-lasting disease affecting the brain and spinal cord, which comprise the central nervous system. In MS, the body's immune system, which usually protects us from germs, mistakenly attacks the protective covering around nerve fibers called myelin. This damage to myelin is called demyelination and leaves scars or lesions, which is why it's called multiple sclerosis (meaning "many scars").
When myelin is damaged, it's like the insulation on an electrical wire is stripped away. This makes it harder for nerve signals to travel correctly through the body. As a result, people with MS can experience a wide range of symptoms, depending on which parts of their nervous system are affected.
Common symptoms of MS include:
• Fatigue (feeling very tired)
• Vision problems, like blurry or double vision
• Numbness or tingling in different parts of the body
• Weakness in the arms or legs
• Trouble with balance and coordination
• Problems with bladder control
• Difficulty thinking clearly or remembering things
MS affects everyone differently. Some people might have only mild symptoms, while others may develop more severe problems over time. The symptoms can come and go (called relapses and remissions) or gradually get worse.
There are different types of MS:
• Relapsing-remitting MS: This is the most common type. People have attacks of symptoms (relapses) followed by periods of recovery (remissions).
• Secondary progressive MS: Some people with relapsing-remitting MS eventually transition to this type, where symptoms steadily worsen over time.
• Primary progressive MS: In this less common type, symptoms gradually get worse from the beginning without clear relapses and remissions.
Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes MS, but they think it's a combination of genetic and environmental factors. MS is not contagious; you can't catch it from someone else.
While there's no cure for MS yet, there are treatments that can help manage symptoms and slow down the disease. These include medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Many people with MS can lead full, active lives with proper care and support.
Trend
• In the United States, about 1 million people are living with MS. This number has increased over the past five years, partly due to better diagnosis methods.
• Looking ahead to the next five years, experts predict the number of people with MS in the US will continue to grow, possibly reaching around 1.1 to 1.2 million by 2029.
History
Multiple sclerosis was first described by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot in 1868. He noticed changes in the brain tissue of people with specific symptoms and called it "sclerose en plaques" (scarring in plaques). Over the next century, doctors learned more about the disease and how it affects the nervous system.
In the 1960s, MRI machines helped doctors see MS lesions in living patients' brains. This was a big step forward in diagnosing and understanding MS. Since then, researchers have developed many new treatments to help people with MS manage their symptoms and slow down the disease.
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Hemophilia
• Christmas disease (for Hemophilia B)
• Royal disease (Historical term, but not a current medical term.)
• Rosenthal syndrome (Hemophilia C)
What is Hemophilia?
Hemophilia is a rare genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to form blood clots. It lacks sufficient clotting factors; proteins essential for proper blood clotting. Hemophilia is characterized by excessive bleeding, even from minor cuts or injuries.
When a person with hemophilia sustains an injury, since their blood does not clot effectively, it leads to prolonged and excessive bleeding.
There are several types of hemophilia, but the two most common are:
• Hemophilia A: This is the most prevalent form, affecting approximately 80% of individuals with hemophilia. It is caused by a deficiency or absence of clotting factor VIII (8).
• Hemophilia B: Also known as Christmas disease, this type accounts for around 20% of cases and is caused by a deficiency or absence of clotting factor IX (9).
• Hemophilia C, also known as Rosenthal syndrome, is caused by low levels of factor XI (11), another blood protein required to make a blood clot. Although associated with bleeding, hemophilia C differs from hemophilia A and B in cause and bleeding tendency.
The severity of hemophilia can vary from mild to severe, depending on the level of clotting factors present in the blood. People with severe hemophilia have very low levels of clotting factors, which can lead to spontaneous bleeding episodes, even without any apparent injury.
Trend
• According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 33,000 people in the United States have hemophilia.
• Precise data on the number of people diagnosed with hemophilia in the last five years is not readily available. However, hemophilia is a genetic disorder present from birth, and the incidence rate is relatively stable. However, advancements in diagnosis and treatment may lead to improved management and quality of life for those affected.
History
• Hemophilia has existed for a very long time. The first known description was in the 2nd century AD by Jewish writers, who called it the "bleeding disease."
• It was nicknamed the "royal disease" because many European royal families had members with hemophilia, like in England, Germany, Russia and Spain.
• In the 1800s, doctors learned more about hemophilia. In 1803, the first case in a U.S. family was described. In 1828, a German doctor named the condition "hemophilia" from Greek words meaning "love of blood."
• Major treatment improvements happened in the 1960s when a blood product with clotting factors was developed to help stop bleeding. In the 1980s, man-made clotting factors were created that were safer.
Source of Information
• Mayo Clinic
• Penn Medicine
• Pfizer
• Indiana Hemophilia & Thrombosis Center
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
What is Macular Degeneration?
Macular degeneration is an eye disease that affects the macula, which is the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that sends visual signals to the brain. When the macula is damaged, it can lead to a loss of central vision, making it difficult to see things directly in front of you, read, recognize faces, or perform tasks that require fine detail vision.
There are two main types of macular degeneration:
• Dry AMD: This is the most common form, accounting for about 80-90% of cases. In dry AMD, small yellow deposits called drusen form under the retina, causing the macula to thin and dry out. This type usually progresses slowly over several years.
• Wet AMD: This is less common but more severe. In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid or blood, causing rapid and severe vision loss. This type can develop suddenly and progress quickly.
Common symptoms of macular degeneration include:
• Blurry or fuzzy vision
• Difficulty seeing colors clearly
• A dark or empty area in the center of vision
• Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted
• Difficulty seeing details in low light conditions
• Trouble recognizing faces
The exact cause of macular degeneration is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified:
• Age (most common in people over 50)
• Genetics and family history
• Smoking
• High blood pressure
• Obesity
• High cholesterol
• Prolonged sun exposure
• Light-colored eyes
While there is no cure for macular degeneration, treatments are available to slow its progression and manage symptoms. For dry AMD, lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet rich in antioxidants, and taking specific vitamin supplements can help. For wet AMD, treatments include injections of anti-VEGF drugs into the eye to stop abnormal blood vessel growth and, in some cases, laser therapy.
Regular eye exams are crucial for early detection and management of macular degeneration. People with AMD can also benefit from low vision aids and rehabilitation to help them adapt to vision changes and maintain independence.
Trend
• In the United States, approximately 11 million people have some form of macular degeneration. Due to the aging population, this number is expected to double to nearly 22 million by 2050.
• The disease's prevalence has steadily increased as the population ages.
• The five-year projection suggests a continued increase in the number of people affected by macular degeneration. By 2030, it's estimated that 3.5 million Americans will have advanced AMD.
History
Macular degeneration has likely affected humans for centuries but wasn't well understood until recently. The condition was first described in medical literature in 1874 by a British surgeon and pathologist, Jonathan Hutchinson. However, it wasn't until the 20th century that researchers began to understand its causes and progression.
Significant advancements were made in diagnosing and understanding macular degeneration in the 1970s and 1980s. The development of fluorescein angiography in the 1960s allowed doctors to better visualize the blood vessels in the retina, leading to the distinction between dry and wet AMD.
Treatment options have evolved rapidly in recent decades. The introduction of anti-VEGF drugs in the early 2000s revolutionized the treatment of wet AMD, significantly improving outcomes for many patients. Today, research focuses on developing new treatments and understanding the genetic factors contributing to the disease.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology
• Bright Focus Foundation
• Mayo Clinic
• National Eye Institute
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)
• Hypnolepsy
What is Narcolepsy?
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that affects the brain's ability to control sleep-wake cycles. People with narcolepsy often feel very sleepy during the day and may fall asleep suddenly, even in the middle of an activity. It's like their brain can't properly regulate when to be awake and when to sleep.
There are two main types of narcolepsy:
• Type 1 narcolepsy: This type includes sudden muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions (called cataplexy) and is caused by a lack of a brain chemical called hypocretin.
• Type 2 narcolepsy: This type doesn't include cataplexy and may be caused by other factors.
The main symptoms of narcolepsy include:
• Excessive daytime sleepiness: Feeling very tired during the day, even after a full night's sleep.
• Sudden sleep attacks: Falling asleep without warning, sometimes during talking, eating, or other activities.
• Cataplexy: Sudden loss of muscle control, often triggered by strong emotions like laughter or surprise (only in type 1 narcolepsy).
• Sleep paralysis: Feeling unable to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up.
• Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that aren't really there when falling asleep or waking up.
• Disrupted nighttime sleep: Waking up frequently during the night.
Narcolepsy usually starts between ages 10 and 30, but it can occur at any age. It affects both men and women equally. The exact cause isn't fully understood, but type 1 narcolepsy is believed to be an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the brain cells that produce hypocretin.
While there's no cure for narcolepsy, there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms. These include:
• Medications to help stay awake during the day
• Medications to improve nighttime sleep
• Lifestyle changes, like scheduled naps and maintaining a regular sleep schedule
• Avoiding triggers that worsen symptoms
Living with narcolepsy can be challenging, but with proper treatment and support, many people with the condition can lead full and productive lives.
Trend
• In the United States, narcolepsy affects about 1 in every 2,000 people. This means approximately 165,000 to 200,000 Americans have narcolepsy. However, the actual number might be higher because the condition is often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
• For the five-year projection, given that narcolepsy is a lifelong condition and its prevalence is relatively stable, we can expect the number of people with narcolepsy to remain similar or increase slightly as the population grows. By 2029, the number of Americans with narcolepsy might reach around 170,000 to 210,000.
History
The term "narcolepsy" was first used in 1880 by French physician Jean-Baptiste-Édouard Gélineau. He described a condition where people would fall asleep suddenly during the day.
In the early 1900s, narcolepsy was recognized as a distinct neurological disorder. A major breakthrough came in 1998 when two research teams independently discovered hypocretin (also called orexin), a brain chemical that regulates wakefulness.
In 2000, scientists found that a lack of hypocretin was linked to narcolepsy with cataplexy (type 1 narcolepsy). This discovery has led to a better understanding of the condition and new treatment approaches.
Over the years, diagnostic criteria have been refined, and new medications have been developed to help manage symptoms. Today, research continues to improve our understanding of narcolepsy and develop more effective treatments.
Sources:
https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/narcolepsy
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcolepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375497
https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/narcolepsy/
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
• National Organization for Rare Disorders
• Sleep Foundation
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Brittle bone disease
• Porous bone disease
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a disease that makes your bones weak and more likely to break. It happens when your body loses too much bone, doesn't make enough new bone, or both. In a healthy body, old bone is constantly broken down and replaced with new bone. However, with osteoporosis, the new bone doesn't keep up with the loss of old bone.
Your bones are living tissue, like other parts of your body. They're always changing and growing. Up until about age 30, your body builds more bone than it loses. After that, bone breakdown happens faster than your body can replace it. This causes a gradual loss of bone mass as you get older. If you have osteoporosis, you lose bone mass even faster than normal.
Osteoporosis is often called a "silent" disease because you can't feel your bones getting weaker. You might not know you have it until you break a bone from a minor fall or bump. The most common breaks happen in the hip, spine, and wrist.
Some signs that you might have osteoporosis include:
• Getting shorter (losing an inch or more of height)
• Your posture changing (stooping or bending forward more)
• Back pain caused by a broken or collapsed bone in your spine
Anyone can get osteoporosis, but some people are more likely to develop it:
• Women, especially after menopause
• Older adults (the risk increases as you age)
• People with small, thin body frames
• People with a family history of osteoporosis
• Certain things in your life can also increase your risk:
• Not getting enough calcium and vitamin D
• Not exercising regularly
• Smoking
• Drinking too much alcohol
• Taking certain medicines for a long time
Doctors diagnose osteoporosis using a bone density test. This test uses X-rays to measure how much calcium and other minerals are in your bones. It's painless and quick, like getting an X-ray.
While there's no cure for osteoporosis, there are ways to prevent it and treat it:
• Eating a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
• Doing weight-bearing exercises like walking or dancing
• Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol
• Taking medicines that help build bone or slow bone loss
• Using walking aids to prevent falls
Trend
• In the United States, about 10 million people have osteoporosis.
• Another 44 million have low bone mass, increasing their risk for osteoporosis.
• These numbers have likely increased over the past five years as the population has aged.
• While exact projections for the next five years aren't available, the number of people with osteoporosis is expected to continue to grow as the population ages and lives longer.
History
Osteoporosis has existed for a long time but was not well understood until the 20th century. In ancient times, people noticed that older individuals, especially women, seemed to shrink and develop hunched backs. But they didn't know why this happened.
In the 1940s, doctors realized that bone loss was a specific condition. The term "osteoporosis" was first used around this time. It comes from Greek words meaning "porous bones." In the 1960s and 1970s, doctors developed better ways to measure bone density, which helped them diagnose and study osteoporosis. Since then, we've learned much more about what causes osteoporosis and how to prevent and treat it.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
• National Library of Medicine MedlinePlus
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Degenerative joint disease
• OA
What is Osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis, the most common type of arthritis, is a condition that affects the joints in your body. It happens when the cartilage, the smooth, protective tissue covering the ends of bones in joints, wears down over time. This causes the bones to rub against each other, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced movement.
Cartilage acts like a cushion in a healthy joint and allows bones to glide smoothly past each other. However, this cartilage breaks down in osteoarthritis, making joint movement more difficult and painful. The condition can affect any joint, but it most commonly occurs in the hands, knees, hips, and spine.
Osteoarthritis develops slowly over time and can worsen with age. It's not just a problem of wear and tear, as previously thought. Instead, it affects the entire joint, including bones, cartilage, ligaments, fat, and the tissues lining the joint (called the synovium).
Common symptoms of osteoarthritis include:
• Pain in the affected joints, especially during or after movement
• Stiffness, particularly in the morning or after periods of inactivity
• Tenderness when pressure is applied to the joint
• Loss of flexibility and reduced range of motion
• A grating sensation or crackling sound when using the joint
• Swelling around the affected area
• Formation of bone spurs (extra bits of bone) around the joint
The exact cause of osteoarthritis isn't fully understood, but several factors can increase your risk of developing it. These include:
• Age (it's more common in older adults)
• Being overweight or obese
• Joint injuries or overuse
• Genetics (it can run in families)
• Certain occupations that put stress on particular joints
• Other forms of arthritis, like rheumatoid arthritis
While there's no cure for osteoarthritis, various treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include:
• Pain relief medications
• Physical therapy and exercise
• Weight loss (if overweight)
• Assistive devices like canes or walkers
• Hot and cold therapy
• In severe cases, joint replacement surgery
Trend
• In the United States, osteoarthritis affects over 32.5 million adults. This number has likely increased over the past five years due to an aging population and rising obesity rates.
• While exact projections for the next five years aren't available, the trend suggests that the number of people affected by osteoarthritis will continue to grow as the population ages.
History
Osteoarthritis has been around for a very long time. Evidence of the condition has been found in the skeletal remains of people who lived thousands of years ago. However, our understanding of osteoarthritis has changed significantly over time. In the past, it was viewed as a result of wear and tear on joints as people aged. Now, we know it's a complex disease involving the entire joint and can be influenced by various factors beyond aging. This shift in understanding has led to new approaches to treating and managing the condition, focusing on pain relief, preserving joint function and improving overall quality of life.
• Arthritis Foundation
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
What is Obesity?
Obesity is a health condition in which a person has too much body fat. It's more than just being a little heavy—it's when someone's weight is much higher than what's considered healthy for their height. Doctors often use a measurement called Body Mass Index (BMI) to determine if someone is obese. If a person's BMI is 30 or higher, they're considered obese.
When someone is obese, it can cause many health problems. These include:
• Heart disease
• High blood pressure
• Type 2 diabetes
• Some types of cancer
• Sleep apnea (trouble breathing while sleeping)
• Osteoarthritis (joint pain)
• Mental health issues like depression
Obesity occurs when people take in more calories (energy from food) than they burn through physical activity and normal body functions. This extra energy gets stored as fat.
Many things can contribute to obesity:
• Overeating, especially foods high in fat and sugar
• Not getting enough exercise
• Genetics (some people are more likely to gain weight because of their genes)
• Certain medical conditions or medications
• Lack of sleep
• Stress
• Environmental factors, like easy access to unhealthy foods
Treating obesity usually involves making lifestyle changes, such as:
• Eating a healthier diet with more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Getting regular exercise
• Changing behaviors around food and activity
• In some cases, doctors might recommend weight-loss medications or surgery
It's important to remember that obesity is a complex condition, and it's not just about willpower or personal choice. Many factors, including genetics, environment, and social issues, affect obesity.
Trend
• In the United States, obesity is a big problem that's getting worse. Here are some numbers:
• Currently, about 42% of American adults are obese. That's about 138 million people.
• In the last five years, the number of obese adults has increased. In 2015-2016, about 39.6% of adults were obese, compared to 42.4% in 2017-2018.
• Looking ahead five years, if this trend continues, we might see obesity rates reach 45% or higher by 2028. That could mean over 150 million obese adults in the U.S.
History
People have always had different body shapes and sizes, but obesity as a widespread health problem is relatively new. In the early 1900s, being heavier was often seen as a sign of health and wealth. But as food became more plentiful and jobs became less physical, people started gaining weight.
In the 1950s and 60s, doctors began to notice more health problems related to excess weight. By the 1980s, obesity rates started rising quickly. Fast food, sugary drinks, and less active lifestyles all played a part. In 1985, no state had an obesity rate higher than 15%. By 2019, every state had rates over 20%, with many over 30%.
Today, obesity is recognized as a major public health issue. Governments and health organizations are working on ways to help people maintain healthier weights and prevent obesity-related diseases.
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
• National Library of Medicine
• World Health Organization
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• It's not commonly known by other names, though some people may refer to specific types of psoriasis like plaque psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, or psoriatic arthritis.
What is Psoriasis?
Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that causes cells to build up rapidly on the skin's surface. This buildup forms thick, silvery scales and itchy, dry, red patches that can be painful. Imagine your skin cells are like bricks on a wall. Normally, it takes about a month for new skin cells to move from the lower layers of your skin to the surface. But with psoriasis, this process happens in just a few days. This rapid growth causes a buildup of skin cells, creating those scaly patches.
Psoriasis can appear anywhere on your body, but it most often appears on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back. It's not contagious, so you can't catch it from someone else. The exact cause isn't fully understood, but scientists believe it's related to a problem with the immune system. In people with psoriasis, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, causing them to multiply too quickly.
There are several types of psoriasis:
• Plaque psoriasis: The most common type, causing dry, raised, red skin patches covered with silvery scales.
• Guttate psoriasis: Appears as small, drop-shaped lesions on the trunk, arms, legs, and scalp.
• Inverse psoriasis: Shows up as smooth, red patches in body folds.
• Pustular psoriasis: Characterized by white pustules surrounded by red skin.
• Erythrodermic psoriasis: A severe form that can cover the entire body with a red, peeling rash.
Psoriasis isn't just a skin condition. It can affect other parts of the body, too. Some people with psoriasis develop psoriatic arthritis, which causes joint pain and stiffness. Psoriasis can also increase the risk of other health problems like heart disease, diabetes, and depression.
While there's no cure for psoriasis, many treatments are available to help manage symptoms. These include:
• Topical treatments: Creams and ointments applied directly to the skin.
• Light therapy: Controlled exposure to ultraviolet light.
• Systemic medications: Oral or injected drugs that work throughout the body.
• Lifestyle changes: Stress reduction, healthy diet, and avoiding triggers like certain medications or alcohol.
Living with psoriasis can be challenging, both physically and emotionally. The visible nature of the condition can affect self-esteem and quality of life. However, with proper treatment and support, many people with psoriasis lead full, active lives.
Trend
• In the United States, about 7.5 million people have psoriasis.
• This number has remained relatively stable over the past five years, though increased awareness and improved diagnostic tools may have led to more diagnoses.
• Looking ahead five years, the number of people with psoriasis in the US is expected to stay around 7.5 to 8 million. While new cases will be diagnosed, improved treatments may help more people manage their symptoms effectively.
History
Psoriasis has been recognized as a distinct skin condition for thousands of years. Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates described scaly skin lesions that were likely psoriasis. However, psoriasis wasn't officially identified as a specific disease until 1808 by English dermatologist Robert Willan.
For a long time, psoriasis was confused with leprosy, leading to fear and stigma. In the early 20th century, doctors began to understand that psoriasis was a distinct condition caused by rapid skin cell growth. This led to the development of early treatments like coal tar and UV light therapy.
In recent decades, research has revealed the immune system's role in psoriasis, leading to the development of new, more effective treatments. Today, biologics and other advanced therapies offer hope for better symptom management and improved quality of life for people with psoriasis.
• American Academy of Dermatology Association
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
• National Psoriasis Foundation
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Sometimes, it’s called "walking pneumonia" when it's a milder form that doesn't require bed rest.
What is Pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an infection in your lungs that makes it hard to breathe. It happens when germs like bacteria, viruses, or fungi get into your lungs and cause inflammation. This inflammation makes the tiny air sacs in your lungs (called alveoli) fill up with fluid or pus. When these air sacs are full, it's harder for your lungs to work properly and get oxygen into your blood.
Think of your lungs like a sponge. When you're healthy, the sponge is dry and can easily soak up air. But when you have pneumonia, it's like the sponge is wet and heavy, making it harder to breathe in air.
Pneumonia can affect one or both lungs. When it's in both lungs, doctors sometimes call it "double pneumonia" or "bilateral pneumonia." The infection can be mild or severe, depending on what caused it and how healthy you were before getting sick.
Common symptoms of pneumonia include:
• Coughing that might bring up yellow, green, or even bloody mucus
• Fever and chills
• Feeling short of breath or breathing fast
• Chest pain that gets worse when you cough or breathe deeply
• Feeling very tired or weak
• Loss of appetite
Pneumonia can be caused by different things:
• Bacteria: This is the most common cause in adults. The most frequent type is Streptococcus pneumoniae.
• Viruses: These cause about a third of all pneumonia cases and are more common in kids. Viruses like the flu, RSV, or COVID-19 can lead to pneumonia.
• Fungi: This is less common and usually affects people with weak immune systems.
Doctors diagnose pneumonia by listening to your lungs, taking a chest X-ray, and sometimes doing blood tests or testing your mucus. Treatment depends on what caused the pneumonia:
• For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics are used.
• Viral pneumonia often gets better on its own, but sometimes antiviral medicines help.
• Fungal pneumonia is treated with antifungal medicines.
• No matter what type you have, rest, drinking plenty of fluids, and taking medicine to reduce fever and pain are important for recovery.
Trend
• In the United States, about 1 million adults get pneumonia each year, and about 50,000 die from it.
• It's hard to know how many people have had pneumonia in the last five years because not everyone goes to the doctor for it. However, it can be estimated that around 5 million adults have had pneumonia in the past five years.
• Looking ahead five years, the number of pneumonia cases might increase slightly. This is because the population is getting older, and older people are more likely to get pneumonia. Also, with more people getting sick from viruses like COVID-19, there might be more cases of pneumonia as a complication. However, vaccines for pneumonia and other diseases that can lead to it might help keep the numbers from going up too much.
History
Pneumonia has been around for a very long time. Ancient Greek doctors like Hippocrates described it over 2,000 years ago. For most of history, people didn't know what caused it and couldn't do much to treat it.
In the 1800s, doctors started to understand that germs could cause pneumonia. A significant breakthrough came in the 1940s when antibiotics were discovered. This made it possible to treat bacterial pneumonia effectively for the first time. In the 1970s, a vaccine was developed to prevent some types of pneumonia.
Today, we have better ways to diagnose and treat pneumonia, but it's still a serious illness, especially for young children, older adults, and people with weak immune systems.
• Cleveland Clinic
• John Hopkins Medicine
• Medical News Today
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• PD
• Parkinson's (Parkinsons)
What is Parkinson's Disease?
Parkinson's Disease is a brain disorder that affects movement and gets worse over time. Some people call it a "neurodegenerative disease" because it causes parts of the brain to break down gradually.
Parkinson's disease happens when certain brain cells that make a chemical called dopamine start to die. Dopamine is vital for controlling movement, so when there's not enough of it, people with Parkinson's have trouble moving normally.
The main symptoms of Parkinson's include:
• Tremors (shaking) in hands, arms, legs, or chin
• Stiffness in the arms, legs, and body
• Slow movement
• Problems with balance and coordination
As the disease progresses, people might also experience:
• Difficulty speaking clearly
• Trouble writing or eating
• Sleep problems
• Memory issues and confusion
• Depression or anxiety
• Loss of smell
Parkinson's usually starts after age 60, but it can affect younger people too. It's a bit more common in men than in women. While we don't know exactly what causes Parkinson's in most cases, scientists think it's probably a mix of genetic and environmental factors.
How is Parkinson’s treated?
Although there's no cure yet, some treatments can help manage the symptoms. These include:
• Medications to increase dopamine levels or mimic its effects
• Deep brain stimulation (a surgical procedure)
• Physical therapy and exercise
• Speech therapy
• Occupational therapy to help with daily tasks
Living with Parkinson's can be challenging, but many people with the disease can still lead active and fulfilling lives with proper treatment and support.
Trend
• In the United States, currently, about 1 million people have Parkinson's disease.
• Over the last five years, this number has likely increased from around 930,000 to 1 million.
• In the next five years, the number is projected to reach about 1.1 million.
• These numbers are increasing mainly because the population is aging, and Parkinson's is more common in older adults.
History
Dr. James Parkinson first described Parkinson's disease in detail in 1817. In his famous essay, he called it "shaking palsy." Over the next century, doctors learned more about the symptoms and how the disease progressed.
In the 1960s, researchers discovered that Parkinson's was linked to low levels of dopamine in the brain. This led to the development of levodopa, the primary drug used to treat Parkinson's symptoms.
Since then, scientists have made many more discoveries about the disease, including genetic factors that can increase the risk of getting Parkinson's. Research continues to look for better treatments and, hopefully, a cure.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute on Aging
• Parkinson’s Foundation
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• RLS
• Willis-Ekbom Disease
What is Restless Legs Syndrome?
Restless Legs Syndrome is a nervous system disorder that causes an uncomfortable sensation in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them. Imagine feeling like ants are crawling inside your legs or a tingling, pulling, or creeping feeling that won't go away unless you move. That's what RLS feels like for many people.
These sensations usually happen when sitting or lying down, especially at night when trying to sleep. Moving your legs can temporarily relieve the discomfort, but it often comes back once you stop moving. This can make it hard to fall asleep or stay asleep.
RLS affects both men and women, but it's more common in women. It can start at any age, even in young children, but it's more likely to occur as you age. The symptoms can range from mild to severe and may come and go.
There are two types of RLS:
• Primary RLS: This type has no known cause and tends to run in families.
• Secondary RLS: This type is caused by another health condition or certain medications.
Some things that might increase your risk of getting RLS include:
• Iron deficiency
• Kidney problems
• Pregnancy (especially in the last trimester)
• Certain medications (like some antidepressants or antihistamines)
• Alcohol, nicotine, or caffeine use
Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes RLS, but they think it might be related to how the brain uses dopamine, a chemical that helps control muscle movement. Some research suggests that there might be a problem with how iron is handled in certain parts of the brain in people with RLS.
Living with RLS can be challenging. The constant urge to move can make it hard to sit still during long car rides, airplane trips, or even while watching a movie. The lack of sleep caused by nighttime symptoms can lead to daytime tiredness, mood changes, and difficulty concentrating.
There's no single test to diagnose RLS. Doctors usually rely on your description of symptoms and your medical history. They might also do some blood tests to check for iron deficiency or other health problems that could be causing your symptoms.
While there's no cure for RLS, there are ways to manage the symptoms:
• Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, and a regular sleep schedule can help.
• Iron supplements: Supplements might improve your symptoms if you're low on iron.
• Medications: Several types of medications can help reduce RLS symptoms.
• Home remedies: Some people find relief from massaging their legs, taking warm baths, or using heat or ice packs.
It's important to talk to a doctor if you think you might have RLS, especially if it's interfering with your sleep or daily life. With proper treatment, many people with RLS can find relief and improve their quality of life.
Trend
• In the United States, it's estimated that about 7-10% of the population has RLS.
• This means approximately 23-33 million adults in the US have this condition.
• It's difficult to determine how many people have had RLS in the last five years because many cases go undiagnosed. However, based on the prevalence rate, it can be estimated that around 115-165 million people in the US have experienced RLS symptoms to some degree over the past five years.
• Looking ahead five years, the number of people with RLS is expected to remain relatively stable or increase slightly. This is because the risk of RLS increases with age, and the US population is aging. However, improved awareness and diagnosis might lead to more reported cases.
History
Restless Legs Syndrome has been recognized as a medical condition for centuries, but it wasn't well understood for a long time. The first clear medical description of RLS was made by an English doctor named Sir Thomas Willis in 1672. He wrote about patients who complained of "leaping and contractions" of their arms and legs at night.
In the 1940s, a Swedish neurologist named Karl-Axel Ekbom researched the condition and named it "restless legs syndrome." His work brought more attention to RLS in the medical community.
For many years, RLS wasn't taken very seriously by many doctors. Patients were often told it was "all in their head" or a normal part of aging. It wasn't until the 1990s and 2000s that RLS began to be recognized as a real neurological disorder. Today, there's much more awareness about RLS, and researchers are working to understand its causes better and develop new treatments.
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
• Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• PCOS
• Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
• Polycystic Ovary Disease
• PCOD
• In the past, it was called Stein-Leventhal syndrome
What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a common hormonal problem that affects women during their childbearing years. It's a lifelong condition, but with proper management, women with PCOS can live healthy and fulfilling lives.
In PCOS, the ovaries, which are organs that produce and release eggs, don't work as they should. The ovaries might grow many small cysts (fluid-filled sacs), which is where the name "polycystic" comes from. However, not all women with PCOS have these cysts, so the name can be a bit confusing.
The main issue in PCOS is that the body produces too many male hormones called androgens. This hormone imbalance can cause problems with a woman's menstrual cycle, making it irregular or stopping it altogether. It can also make it harder to get pregnant.
Women with PCOS might notice several symptoms:
• Irregular periods or no periods at all
• Extra hair growth on the face, chest, or back
• Acne or oily skin
• Weight gain, especially around the belly
• Thinning hair on the head
• Dark patches of skin, especially in body creases
• Small skin tags, usually on the neck or armpits
PCOS can also lead to other health problems if not managed well. These include:
• Difficulty getting pregnant (infertility)
• Higher risk of diabetes
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Sleep apnea
• Depression or anxiety
• Increased risk of uterine cancer
It's important to note that PCOS can have a significant emotional impact. Women may struggle with feelings of frustration or sadness due to infertility issues, changes in their appearance (like weight gain or extra hair growth), or the challenges of managing a chronic condition. These emotional aspects are an essential part of living with PCOS and should be addressed as part of overall care.
Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes PCOS, but they think it might be related to genes and family history. Being overweight can make PCOS symptoms worse, but even thin women can have PCOS.
To diagnose PCOS, doctors usually look for at least two out of three main signs:
• Irregular periods
• Higher levels of male hormones (shown in blood tests or by symptoms like extra hair growth)
• Cysts on the ovaries (seen on an ultrasound)
While there's no cure for PCOS, there are ways to manage the symptoms and reduce health risks. Treatment often includes:
• Lifestyle changes like healthy eating and regular exercise
• Medications to regulate periods or reduce male hormone levels
• Treatments for specific symptoms, like acne medications or hair removal methods
• Fertility treatments for women trying to get pregnant
• Emotional support or counseling to address the psychological impact of PCOS
Women with PCOS need to work closely with their doctors to manage their symptoms and protect their long-term health. With proper care and management, many women with PCOS lead healthy, active lives and successfully manage their symptoms.
Trend
• In the United States, PCOS affects about 6% to 12% of women of reproductive age.
• This means approximately 5 million to 10 million women in the US have PCOS.
• It's hard to know exactly how many people have had it in the last five years because many cases go undiagnosed. However, it can be estimated that around 25 million to 50 million women have dealt with PCOS in some form over the past five years.
• Looking ahead five years, the number of PCOS cases is expected to remain stable or increase slightly. This is because awareness of PCOS is growing, which might lead to more diagnoses. Also, as rates of obesity increase, PCOS symptoms might become more noticeable in some women. However, better management strategies might help control symptoms in many cases.
History
PCOS was first described by doctors Stein and Leventhal in 1935, which is why it was once called Stein-Leventhal syndrome. They noticed that some women had irregular periods, excess hair growth, and enlarged ovaries with many cysts. At first, doctors thought the cysts were the main problem. Over time, researchers learned that hormone imbalances were the real issue.
In the 1960s and 1970s, doctors started understanding how insulin resistance played a role in PCOS. This led to new treatments.
In recent years, scientists have discovered that PCOS is more complex than they first thought. They now know it affects more than just the reproductive system and can have long-term health impacts. This has led to a more comprehensive approach to treating PCOS, focusing on overall health and not just fertility.
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Mayo Clinic
• World Health Organization
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome
• PANS
• Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections
• PANDAS
What is Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome?
Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome is a condition that affects children and causes sudden, dramatic changes in their behavior and mental health. It usually starts very quickly, sometimes overnight. The main symptoms are obsessive-compulsive behaviors (like repeated hand washing or checking things) or severe eating restrictions.
Kids with PANS might also have:
• Anxiety
• Mood swings
• Irritability
• Trouble sleeping
• Difficulty with schoolwork
• Problems with coordination or movement
PANS is thought to be triggered by infections, but doctors aren't always sure what causes it. In PANDAS specifically, the trigger is a strep infection, like strep throat.
When a child gets PANS, their immune system is believed to react in a way that affects their brain. This causes sudden changes in behavior and thinking. It's like the brain gets inflamed or irritated, leading to all these symptoms.
Doctors diagnose PANS by examining a child's symptoms and how quickly they appeared. There's no single test that can say for sure if someone has PANS. Instead, doctors have to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms.
Treating PANS can be tricky because it affects each child differently. Treatment usually involves a combination of approaches:
• Treating any underlying infections with antibiotics
• Using medicines to help with OCD, anxiety, or other mental health symptoms
• In some cases, using treatments that affect the immune system
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy to help kids cope with their symptoms
• Supporting the child and family with education and counseling
It's important to know that PANS can come and go. Some kids might have one episode and recover completely, while others might have symptoms that last longer or come back multiple times.
PANS can be hard for kids and their families. The sudden changes can be scary and confusing. However, with proper treatment and support, many children with PANS do get better over time.
Trend
• Unfortunately, there aren’t exact numbers for how many people in the US have PANS/PANDAS. This is because it's a relatively new diagnosis and can be hard to identify. However, some experts estimate that PANS might affect 1-2% of children. That would mean about 1 to 2 out of every 100 kids could have PANS.
• There aren’t specific numbers for the last five years or projections for the next five years. However, as doctors learn more about PANS and get better at diagnosing it, we might see more cases identified in the future.
History
PANS and PANDAS are fairly new discoveries in the medical world. In the 1980s, doctors at the National Institute of Mental Health noticed some children had sudden OCD symptoms after infections. They focused on strep infections and named this PANDAS in the late 1990s.
As they learned more, they realized other infections could cause similar symptoms. This led to the broader diagnosis of PANS in 2010. Since then, doctors and researchers have been working to understand these conditions better and find the best ways to treat them.
• Foundation for Brain Science and Immunology, Pandas Physician’s network
• National Center for Biotechnology Information
• National Library of Medicine
• Stanford Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• It's sometimes called rheumatoid disease
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-lasting health problem that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in joints. It's different from other types of arthritis because it's an autoimmune disease. This means the body's defense system, which usually fights off germs, mistakenly attacks the lining of the joints. This attack causes inflammation, which leads to the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis usually affects joints on both sides of the body simultaneously, like both hands or knees. It often starts in smaller joints, such as fingers and toes, and can spread to larger joints, like elbows, shoulders, and hips. Besides joint problems, rheumatoid arthritis can also affect other body parts, including the skin, eyes, lungs, and blood vessels.
The main symptoms of RA, which can come and go are:
• Joint pain, tenderness, and swelling
• Stiffness, especially in the morning or after resting
• Fatigue (feeling very tired)
• Fever and loss of appetite
Times, when symptoms get worse, are called flares, and periods, when symptoms improve, are called remission.
RA can make everyday activities difficult. Simple tasks like buttoning a shirt or opening a jar can become painful and challenging. Over time, if not treated, RA can cause joints to become deformed and stop working correctly.
Doctors don't know exactly what causes RA, but they think it's a mix of genes and environmental factors, like viruses or bacteria. Some factors that might increase the risk of getting RA include:
• Being a woman (women are more likely to get RA than men)
• Being older (RA often starts in middle age)
• Smoking
• Having family members with RA
There's no cure for RA, but treatments can help control symptoms and prevent joint damage. These treatments include:
• Medications to reduce inflammation and slow joint damage
• Physical therapy to keep joints flexible
• Occupational therapy to learn ways to do daily tasks without hurting joints
• In some cases, surgery to repair or replace damaged joints
Living with RA can be challenging, but many people with the condition lead active, full lives with proper treatment and care.
Trend
• In the United States, about 1.3 million adults have rheumatoid arthritis.
• A five-year projection for RA cases is not available, but the number of people with RA is expected to increase as the population ages.
History
Rheumatoid arthritis has been around for a long time. Doctors first described it in the 1800s, but there's evidence that people had it earlier.
In the past, people with RA didn't have many treatment options and often became very disabled. The discovery of cortisone in the 1940s was a big step forward in treating RA. Since then, doctors have developed many new medicines that work better and have fewer side effects. Today, people with RA have a much better chance of managing their symptoms and staying active.
• Mayo Clinic
• Arthritis Foundation
• Cleveland Clinic
• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
What is Rosacea?
Rosacea is a long-lasting skin problem that primarily affects the face. It causes redness, usually on the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead. People with rosacea might also get small bumps or pimples, and their skin might feel warm or tingly. Sometimes, the nose can become swollen and bumpy, a condition called rhinophyma.
There are four main types of rosacea:
• Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea: This causes redness and visible blood vessels.
• Papulopustular rosacea: This leads to redness and acne-like bumps.
• Phymatous rosacea: This can make the skin thick and bumpy, especially on the nose.
• Ocular rosacea: This affects the eyes, making them red, dry, and irritated.
Rosacea usually starts after age 30 and can come and go. During a flare-up, the face might look flushed, as if you're blushing. Over time, the redness can become more intense and last longer. Some people also feel a burning or stinging sensation on their skin.
While doctors don't know exactly what causes rosacea, they think it might be due to a mix of genes and environment. Things that can trigger or worsen rosacea include:
• Sunlight
• Hot or cold temperatures
• Spicy foods
• Alcohol
• Exercise
• Stress
• Certain skincare products
Rosacea can affect anyone, but it's more common in:
• Women
• People with fair skin
• People between 30 and 50 years old
• People with a family history of rosacea
There's no cure for rosacea, but treatments can help control symptoms. These might include:
• Creams or gels to reduce redness and inflammation
• Oral antibiotics
• Laser treatments to reduce visible blood vessels
People with rosacea can also help manage their condition by:
• Using gentle skincare products
• Wearing sunscreen daily
• Avoiding known triggers
• Using green-tinted makeup to hide redness
Living with rosacea can be challenging, especially since it affects the face. Some people might feel self-conscious about their appearance. However, with proper care and treatment, many people with rosacea can manage their symptoms and feel more comfortable in their skin.
Trend
• In the United States, about 14 million people have rosacea.
• A specific five-year projection is unavailable, but the number of people with rosacea is expected to remain stable or increase slightly as awareness grows.
History
Rosacea has been around for a long time, but people didn't always know what it was. In the past, it was often confused with acne or other skin conditions.
The term "rosacea" was first used in the 19th century. Before that, people described the red, swollen nose sometimes caused by severe rosacea as "grog blossoms" or "whisky nose," wrongly thinking it was caused by drinking too much alcohol. Over time, doctors learned more about rosacea and how to treat it.
Today, we know it's a separate condition from acne and that it's not caused by alcohol, though drinking can make symptoms worse for some people.
• Cleveland Clinic
• National Library of Medicine
• National Rosacea Society
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Sexually transmitted diseases
• STD
• Sexually transmitted infections
• STI
What are Sexually Transmitted Diseases?
They are infections that spread from person to person through sexual contact. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites can cause them.
STDs are infections that you can get by having sexual contact with someone who already has an infection. This includes vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and sometimes even close skin-to-skin contact. Some common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, HIV, and human papillomavirus (HPV).
These infections can affect anyone sexually active, regardless of age, gender, or sexual orientation. Many STDs don't show any symptoms at first, which means people can have them without knowing it. This makes it easy for STIs to spread unknowingly.
When symptoms do appear, they can include:
• Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina
• Pain or burning when peeing
• Sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the genitals, mouth, or anus
• Itching or irritation in the genital area
• Pain during sex
• Fever or flu-like symptoms
It's important to get tested regularly if you're sexually active, even if you don't have symptoms. Most STDs can be treated with antibiotics if caught early. Some, like herpes and HIV, can't be cured but can be managed with medication.
Preventing STDs is possible by:
• Using condoms correctly every time you have sex
• Getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B
• Limiting your number of sexual partners
• Getting tested regularly and encouraging your partners to do the same
• Talking openly with your partners about sexual health
Trend
• In the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there were about 26 million new STI cases in 2018.
• In the last five years (2016-2020), there were over 2.4 million cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis reported.
• The CDC projects that STI rates will continue to rise in the next five years, especially among young people aged 15-24.
History
STDs have been around for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman writings mention symptoms that sound like STDs. In the Middle Ages, syphilis became a major problem in Europe.
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered the causes of many STDs and developed treatments. Penicillin, discovered in 1928, became a powerful tool against bacterial STIs like syphilis and gonorrhea.
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 1980s brought more attention to sexual health and STIs. It led to better education, testing, and prevention efforts.
Today, we have a better understanding of testing and treatments for STDs. However, they remain a significant public health issue worldwide. Increasing drug resistance in some STDs, like gonorrhea, is a growing concern.
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, Medline Plus
• World Health Organization
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
What is Scoliosis?
Scoliosis is a condition where a person's spine curves sideways, often looking like an "S" or "C" shape when viewed from behind. In a normal spine, the vertebrae (bones that make up the spine) stack straight up and down. But these bones twist and turn in scoliosis, causing the spine to curve to one side.
Scoliosis can range from mild to severe. In mild cases, the curve might be barely noticeable. However, in severe cases, it can be very obvious and even affect how the body functions.
Scoliosis isn't usually painful, but severe cases can cause discomfort and make breathing hard if the curved spine presses on the lungs. It can also affect a person's appearance, making them self-conscious.
There are different types of scoliosis:
• Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type, and doctors don't know exactly what causes it. It often shows up during the growth spurt just before puberty.
• Congenital scoliosis: This type is present at birth due to problems with how the spine forms.
• Neuromuscular scoliosis is caused by conditions that affect the nerves and muscles, like cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.
The main signs of scoliosis include:
• Uneven shoulders
• One shoulder blade sticking out more than the other
• Uneven waist
• One hip higher than the other
• The body leaning to one side
Treatments:
Most cases of scoliosis are mild and don't need treatment. However, the curve can worsen over time for some people, especially children whose bodies are still growing. In these cases, doctors might recommend:
• Bracing: Wearing a special back brace to prevent the curve from worsening as the child grows.
• Surgery: In severe cases, doctors might suggest surgery to straighten the spine and prevent further curving.
Diagnosis:
• Doctors usually diagnose scoliosis by examining the spine and taking X-rays.
• They measure the curve in degrees - a curve of 10 degrees or more is considered scoliosis.
• Regular check-ups are important for people with scoliosis, especially growing children, to ensure the curve isn't worsening.
Living with scoliosis can be challenging, but many people with the condition lead normal, active lives. With proper care and treatment when needed, most people with scoliosis can do all the activities they enjoy.
Trend
• In the United States, about 6 to 9 million people have scoliosis.
• The number of people with scoliosis is expected to remain relatively stable.
History
Scoliosis has been known for thousands of years. Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates first described it around 400 BC.
For a long time, people didn't understand what caused it or how to treat it effectively. In the past, treatments were often harsh and not very helpful, like using heavy metal braces or keeping people in bed for years.
In the 1900s, doctors developed better ways to diagnose and treat scoliosis. They invented the Cobb method to measure spine curves on X-rays, which is still used today. Modern braces and surgical techniques were developed in the mid-1900s, greatly improving treatment options.
Today, we have a much better understanding of treatments for scoliosis, though there's still more to learn about its causes and how to prevent it.
• American Association of Neurological Surgeons
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Substance use disorders (SUD)
• Drug use disorder
• Addiction
What is Substance Use Disorder?
Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is a medical condition where a person cannot control their use of substances like drugs or alcohol, even though it causes problems in their life. These substances can be illegal drugs like heroin or cocaine, or legal ones like alcohol, nicotine, or prescription medications.
When someone has SUD, they have a strong urge to use the substance and often need more of it to get the same effect. They might spend a lot of time thinking about the substance, getting it, using it, and recovering from its effects. This can lead to missing school or work, having trouble with family and friends, and even getting into legal trouble.
There are different levels of SUD: mild, moderate, and severe. Severe SUD is often called addiction. People with SUD might try to stop using the substance but find it very hard because their brain has become dependent on it.
Symptoms of SUD include:
• Using larger amounts or for longer than intended.
• Wanting to cut down or stop but not being able to.
• Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from the substance.
• Craving or a strong desire to use the substance.
• Failing to fulfill responsibilities at work, school, or home.
• Continuing to use the substance even when it causes relationship problems.
• Giving up important activities because of substance use.
• Using the substance in dangerous situations, like driving.
• Continuing to use despite physical or psychological problems.
• Developing tolerance (needing more to get the same effect).
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when not using the substance.
Causes of SUD:
• Genetic factors: Some people are more likely to develop SUD because of their genes.
• Environmental factors: Stress, peer pressure, and exposure to drugs can increase the risk.
• Psychological factors: Mental health issues like depression or anxiety can lead to SUD.
• Social factors: Family and community influences can play a role.
Trend
In the United States, SUD is a significant issue. Here are some key statistics:
• About 20 million Americans aged 12 and older have a substance use disorder.
• Over the past five years, approximately 100 million people in the U.S. have experienced SUD.
• The number of people with SUD is expected to increase due to ongoing issues like the opioid crisis. By 2029, the number of people with SUD could rise significantly if current trends continue.
History
Substance use and addiction have been around for thousands of years. Ancient civilizations used substances like alcohol and opium for medicinal and recreational purposes. However, the modern understanding of SUD as a medical condition began in the 20th century.
In the 1950s, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) helped change how society viewed addiction, promoting the idea that it is a disease rather than a moral failing. The 1980s saw the rise of the "War on Drugs," which focused on criminalizing drug use. More recently, there has been a shift towards treating SUD as a public health issue, with an emphasis on prevention, treatment, and recovery.
• American Psychiatric Association
• Cleveland Clinic
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
What is Schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they've lost touch with reality, which can be upsetting for them and their family and friends.
The main symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three categories:
• Psychotic symptoms: These include hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there), delusions (strong beliefs that aren't true), and confused thinking or speech.
• Negative symptoms: These involve a loss of expected behaviors, such as not showing emotions, losing interest in everyday activities, and withdrawing from social life.
• Cognitive symptoms: These affect a person's ability to focus, remember things, and make decisions.
Schizophrenia usually starts when people are in their late teens to early thirties. It often begins earlier in men than in women. The symptoms can make it hard for people to do everyday activities like work, study, or spend time with friends and family.
Doctors don't know exactly what causes schizophrenia, but they think it's a mix of genes and things in a person's environment. Some factors that might increase the risk include:
• Having family members with schizophrenia
• Exposure to viruses or malnutrition before birth
• Stressful life events
• Using drugs, especially as a teenager
There's no cure for schizophrenia, but treatments can help manage symptoms. These usually include:
• Medications called antipsychotics to reduce hallucinations and delusions
• Therapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy, to help cope with symptoms
• Support from mental health professionals and family
With proper treatment, many people with schizophrenia can live independently, work, and have relationships. However, they may need ongoing support to prevent symptoms from getting worse. It's important to know that people with schizophrenia are not more violent than others, and they don't have split personalities. These are common myths about the condition.
Trend
• In the United States about 1.5 million people (or less than 1% of the population) have schizophrenia.
• The number of people with schizophrenia is expected to remain relatively stable.
History
The term "schizophrenia" was first used in 1911 by a Swiss psychiatrist named Eugen Bleuler. However, descriptions of similar symptoms go back much further in history. In the past, people with schizophrenia were often treated poorly and misunderstood. They were sometimes put in asylums or given harmful treatments.
In the 1950s, the first antipsychotic medications were developed, which was a big step forward in treatment. Since then, our understanding of schizophrenia has improved a lot, leading to better treatments and support for people with the condition.
• American Psychiatric Association
• National Institute of Mental Health
• NHS
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Self-destruction
• Taking one's own life
What is Suicide?
Suicide is when a person intentionally ends their own life. It is a serious problem that affects people of all ages, genders, and backgrounds.
Suicide is often the result of feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges and feeling like there is no way out. It can be caused by a combination of factors including mental health issues, stressful life events, and sometimes substance abuse.
Common causes of suicide include:
• Mental Health Disorders: Conditions like depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia can make someone feel hopeless and lead to suicidal thoughts.
• Substance Abuse: Drugs and alcohol can increase the risk of suicide by affecting judgment and increasing impulsivity.
• Traumatic Experiences: Events like the loss of a loved one, abuse, bullying, or major life changes can trigger suicidal thoughts.
• Chronic Pain or Illness: Living with long-term pain or a serious illness can lead to feelings of despair.
• Isolation: Feeling lonely or isolated from others can increase the risk of suicide.
Warning signs of suicide include:
• Talking about wanting to die or to kill oneself.
• Looking for a way to kill oneself, like searching online or buying a weapon.
• Talking about feeling hopeless or having no reason to live.
• Talking about feeling trapped or in unbearable pain.
• Talking about being a burden to others.
• Increasing the use of alcohol or drugs.
• Acting anxious or agitated; behaving recklessly.
• Sleeping too little or too much.
• Withdrawing or feeling isolated.
• Showing rage or talking about seeking revenge.
• Displaying extreme mood swings.
How to Help:
If you or someone you know is showing signs of suicide, it is important to seek help immediately. You can talk to a trusted adult, call a crisis hotline, or go to the nearest emergency room. There are many resources available to provide support and treatment.
Trend
• In the United States, suicide is a major public health issue. Here are some key statistics:
• Each year, about 48,000 people in the U.S. die by suicide.
• Over the past five years, approximately 240,000 people in the U.S. have died by suicide.
• If current trends continue, the number of suicides could increase. Efforts to improve mental health care and reduce stigma are essential to prevent this.
History
Suicide has been a part of human history for thousands of years. In ancient times, it was sometimes considered an honorable way to die, especially in cultures like ancient Rome and Japan. However, many societies have also viewed suicide as a sin or a crime.
In the 20th century, attitudes began to change as people started to understand that suicide is often linked to mental health issues. Today, there is a greater focus on prevention, support, and treatment to help those at risk.
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute of Mental Health
• World Health Organization
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Kidney Stones
• Renal calculi
• Nephrolithiasis
• Urolithiasis
What are Kidney Stones?
Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts inside your kidneys. They can be as small as a
grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Kidney stones can cause severe pain and other symptoms when
they move through your urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters (tubes that connect the kidneys
to the bladder), bladder, and urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body).
There are different types of kidney stones, including:
• Calcium stones: The most common type, usually made of calcium oxalate.
• Struvite stones: Often form after a urinary tract infection.
• Uric acid stones: Can form in people who don't drink enough fluids or lose too much fluid, eat a high-
protein diet, or have gout.
• Cystine stones: These form in people with a hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete too
many of certain amino acids.
Common symptoms of kidney stones include:
• Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs
• Pain that spreads to the lower abdomen and groin
• Pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity
• Pain during urination
• Pink, red, or brown urine
• Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
• Nausea and vomiting
• Persistent need to urinate
• Urinating more often than usual
• Fever and chills if an infection is present
Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystal-forming substances—such as calcium,
oxalate, and uric acid—than the fluid in your urine can dilute. At the same time, your urine may lack
substances that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an ideal environment for kidney stones
to form.
Treatment for kidney stones depends on the size and type of the stone and the severity of symptoms.
Small stones may pass on their own with increased fluid intake and pain relievers.
Larger stones may require medical procedures, such as:
• Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL): Sound waves break stones into smaller pieces.
• Ureteroscopy: A thin scope is inserted through the urethra and bladder to remove or break up stones.
• Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Surgical removal of large stones through a small incision in the back.
Trend
• In the United States, about 1 in 11 people will have a kidney stone at some point.
• This means approximately 9% of the population is affected by kidney stones.
• The prevalence of kidney stones has been increasing over the past few decades, likely due to factors
such as diet, obesity, and dehydration.
• Over the last five years, the number of people diagnosed with kidney stones has continued to rise. This
trend is expected to continue over the next five years, with projections indicating that more people will
develop kidney stones due to lifestyle factors and an aging population.
History
Kidney stones have been recognized for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptian mummies have been
found with evidence of kidney stones. The Greek physician Hippocrates described the condition in his
writings around 400 BCE. In the 19th century, doctors began to understand more about kidney stones'
chemical composition and formation. The development of modern imaging techniques, such as X-rays
and ultrasounds, has made it easier to diagnose and treat kidney stones.
Today, advances in medical technology and treatment options have improved the management of kidney
stones, making it possible to treat even large stones with minimally invasive procedures.
Source of Information
• Healthline
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
• National Kidney Foundation
• UT Southwestern Medical Center
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Sleep-disordered breathing
Sleep apnea is a common condition that affects a person's breathing during sleep. The word, "apnea", comes from Greek and means "without breath”.
With this disorder, breathing repeatedly stops and starts while a person is sleeping. These pauses in breathing can last from a few seconds to minutes and may occur 30 times or more in an hour. When this happens, the body doesn't get enough oxygen, leading to various health problems.
There are three main types of sleep apnea:
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): This is the most common type. It happens when the throat muscles relax too much during sleep, blocking the airway.
• Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): This occurs when the brain doesn't send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing.
• Complex Sleep Apnea Syndrome: This is a combination of both obstructive and central sleep apnea.
Common symptoms of sleep apnea include:
• Loud snoring
• Gasping for air during sleep
• Waking up with a dry mouth
• Morning headaches
• Difficulty staying asleep
• Excessive daytime sleepiness
• Irritability
• Difficulty concentrating
Sleep apnea can affect anyone, but it's more common in older adults, men, and people who are overweight. Other risk factors include having a large neck size, smoking, drinking alcohol, and having certain medical conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes.
If left untreated, sleep apnea can lead to serious health problems such as:
• High blood pressure
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Type 2 diabetes
• Depression
• Accidents due to daytime sleepiness
Doctors diagnose sleep apnea through sleep studies, which can be done at home or in a sleep lab. Treatment options include lifestyle changes (like losing weight or quitting smoking), using a CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) machine, wearing dental devices, or in some cases, surgery.
Trend
• In the United States, sleep apnea is a growing concern. According to recent estimates approximately 22 million Americans currently have it.
• Over the last five years, the number of people diagnosed with sleep apnea has increased, with some estimates suggesting a rise of 14-55% from 2014 to 2019.
• Projections for the next five years indicate that the number of people with sleep apnea is likely to continue growing, potentially reaching 26-28 million by 2029. This increase is partly due to rising obesity rates and an aging population.
History
Sleep apnea has likely affected people for centuries, but it wasn't officially described in medical literature until 1965.
The term "Pickwickian syndrome" was used earlier to describe obese patients with extreme sleepiness, based on a character in Charles Dickens' novel "The Pickwick Papers."
In the 1970s, doctors began to understand sleep apnea better and developed the first treatments. The CPAP machine, now a common treatment, was invented in 1980 by Australian doctor Colin Sullivan. Since then, awareness and understanding of sleep apnea have grown significantly, improving diagnosis and treatment options.
Sources of Information
• American Academy of Sleep Medicine
• Mayo Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Sleep Doctor Holdings / Sleep Apnea Org
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• Brain attack
What is a Stroke?
A stroke is a serious medical condition that happens when the blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced. This lack of blood flow means that the brain cells in that area don't get the oxygen and nutrients they need, so they start to die within minutes. This can lead to permanent brain damage, long-term disability, or even death if not treated quickly.
There are two main types of strokes:
• Ischemic Stroke: This is the most common type, making up about 87% of all strokes. It happens when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain. There are two main types of ischemic strokes:
- Thrombotic Stroke: Caused by a blood clot that forms in one of the arteries supplying blood to the brain.
- Embolic Stroke: This occurs when a blood clot or other debris forms away from the brain, usually in the heart, and is swept through the bloodstream to lodge in narrower brain arteries.
• Hemorrhagic Stroke: This type happens when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, causing bleeding in or around the brain. There are two main types of hemorrhagic strokes:
- Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Bleeding occurs within the brain.
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Bleeding occurs in the space between the brain and the surrounding membrane.
Another related condition is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), often called a mini-stroke. A TIA happens when the blood supply to the brain is briefly interrupted. The symptoms are similar to a stroke but usually last only a few minutes and cause no permanent damage. However, a TIA is a warning sign that a full-blown stroke might happen in the future.
Symptoms of a Stroke:
• Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body.
• Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or understanding speech.
• Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes.
• Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or lack of coordination.
• Sudden severe headache with no known cause.
Risk Factors:
• High blood pressure
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• High cholesterol
• Obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat)
• Family history of stroke
Trend
In the United States, strokes are a major health concern. Here are some key statistics:
• Number of People in the US with Stroke: About 795,000 people in the U.S. have a stroke each year.
• Approximately 610,000 of these are first-time strokes, and 185,000 are recurrent strokes.
• Over the past five years, roughly 3.975 million people in the U.S. have experienced a stroke.
• The number of people having strokes is projected to increase due to the aging population and rising rates of risk factors like obesity and diabetes. By 2029, the annual number of strokes could exceed 900,000.
History
Strokes have been recognized for thousands of years, but our understanding and treatment of them have evolved significantly. The ancient Greeks and Romans described stroke-like symptoms, and the term "apoplexy" was used to describe sudden paralysis or loss of consciousness.
In the 1600s, doctors began to understand the role of blood flow in strokes. The modern understanding of stroke as a result of blood clots or bleeding in the brain developed in the 20th century. Advances in medical imaging, like CT scans and MRIs, have greatly improved the diagnosis and treatment of strokes.
Today, treatments like clot-busting drugs and surgical interventions can significantly reduce the damage caused by strokes if administered quickly.
• Cleveland Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, Medline Plus
• Johns Hopkins Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Sickle cell disease (a broad term that includes sickle cell anemia)
• HbS disease
• Hemoglobin S disease
• Hemoglobin SS disease
• Sickle cell disorders
• Sickling disorder due to hemoglobin S.
What is Sickle cell disease?
It’s a genetic blood disorder that affects the red blood cells in your body. Normally, red blood cells are round and flexible, which allows them to move easily through blood vessels to deliver oxygen to different parts of the body. However, in people with Sickle Cell Disease, the red blood cells become rigid and shaped like a crescent moon or a sickle. A mutation in the hemoglobin gene causes this abnormal shape.
Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. In Sickle Cell Disease, the hemoglobin is abnormal (called hemoglobin S), which makes the cells stick together and block blood flow. This can lead to a variety of health problems including pain, infections, and damage to organs.
The disease is inherited, meaning it is passed down from parents to their children. For someone to have Sickle Cell Disease, they must inherit two sickle cell genes—one from each parent. If they inherit only one sickle cell gene, they are said to have "sickle cell trait," which usually does not cause symptoms but can be passed on to their children.
Trend
• Approximately 100,000 Americans have Sickle Cell Disease.
• The number of people affected by Sickle Cell Disease in the United States has remained relatively stable over the last five years, with about 100,000 people living with the condition each year.
• The number of people with Sickle Cell Disease in the United States is projected to remain around 100,000 over the next five years. This projection is based on the stable incidence rate and current population trends.
History
Sickle Cell Disease was first described in Western medical literature in 1910 by Dr. James B. Herrick, who observed a patient with anemia and peculiar-shaped red blood cells. However, the condition has likely existed for thousands of years, particularly in regions where malaria is common.
The sickle cell gene provides some protection against malaria, which is why it is more prevalent in people of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Indian ancestry.
The genetic mutation causing the disease likely arose independently in different geographic areas, including Africa, the Middle East, and India. This mutation has been identified as a survival advantage in malaria-endemic regions, which explains its higher frequency in these populations.
• American Society of Hematology
• Cleveland Clinic
• Hematology Oncology Associates of Central New York
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Cooley's Anemia
• Mediterranean Anemia
• Hemoglobin Bart's Hydrops Fetalis
What is Thalassemia?
Thalassemia is a blood disorder that runs in families. It happens when your body doesn't make enough of a protein called hemoglobin, which is important for red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body.
There are two main types: alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia. When you have thalassemia, your body makes less hemoglobin than normal. This causes your red blood cells to be smaller and fewer in number, leading to anemia, which makes you feel tired and weak.
There are different levels of Thalassemia:
• Thalassemia minor or trait: This is the mildest form. People with this type might not have any symptoms or only mild anemia.
• Thalassemia intermedia: This causes moderate to severe anemia and some health problems.
• Thalassemia major: This is the most severe form. People with this type need regular blood transfusions and special medical care.
Symptoms of thalassemia can include:
• Feeling very tired
• Pale skin
• Slow growth in children
• Weak bones
• Enlarged spleen (an organ in your belly that helps filter blood)
• Yellow skin (jaundice)
Thalassemia is caused by changes in genes that you inherit from your parents. If both parents have the thalassemia gene, their child might get a more severe form of the condition.
People from certain parts of the world are more likely to have thalassemia. These include people with ancestors from:
• Mediterranean countries (like Greece or Italy)
• Middle East
• Africa
• Southeast Asia
Doctors diagnose thalassemia with blood tests. Treatment depends on how severe the condition is. Some people with mild thalassemia don't need treatment. Others might need:
• Regular blood transfusions
• Medicines to remove extra iron from the body
• Folic acid supplements
• In some cases, a bone marrow transplant
Living with thalassemia can be challenging, but with proper care, many people with the condition can lead full, active lives.
Trend
• In the United States, thalassemia is considered a rare disease. Exact numbers are hard to find, but here's what we know:
• About 100,000 people in the US have thalassemia trait, and around 1,000 have severe forms of thalassemia.
• Number of people that have had it in the last five years: This number hasn't changed much in the past five years because thalassemia is an inherited condition.
• Five year projection: The number of people with thalassemia in the US is expected to stay about the same or increase slightly as more people from at-risk populations immigrate to the country.
History
Thalassemia was first described in 1925 by Dr. Thomas Cooley, which is why one type is called Cooley's anemia. At first, doctors thought it only affected people from the Mediterranean region, which is why it was also called Mediterranean anemia. Over time, they discovered it affects people from other parts of the world too.
In the past, children with severe thalassemia often didn't live past their teens. But thanks to better treatments developed since the 1960s, like regular blood transfusions and medicines to remove extra iron from the body, people with thalassemia are living longer, healthier lives. Today, researchers are working on new treatments, including gene therapy, to help people with thalassemia even more.
• National Library of Medicine, Medline Plus
• John Hopkins Medicine
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• Ringing in the ears
What is Tinnitus?
Tinnitus is a condition in which people hear sounds in their ears or heads that aren't coming from the outside world. It's often called "ringing in the ears," but the sounds can also be described as buzzing, hissing, or whooshing.
Tinnitus isn't a disease but a symptom of other health issues. It happens when there's a problem with how your brain processes sounds. The noises people hear with tinnitus can be different for everyone. Some might hear a high-pitched ringing, while others might hear a low humming or clicking sounds. These phantom noises can be constant or come and go, and they can be soft or loud.
Tinnitus can be caused by many things, including:
• Hearing loss due to aging or exposure to loud noises
• Ear infections or blockages
• Head or neck injuries
• Some medications
• High blood pressure or other blood vessel problems
• Stress or anxiety
For most people, Tinnitus is annoying but not serious. However, for some, it can be very bothersome and affect their daily life. It might make concentrating, sleeping, or enjoying quiet activities hard. In severe cases, it can lead to stress, anxiety, or depression.
There's no cure for Tinnitus, but there are ways to manage it. Treatments can include:
• Using hearing aids if hearing loss is causing Tinnitus
• Sound therapy to mask the tinnitus noises
• Cognitive behavioral therapy to help cope with the symptoms
• Relaxation techniques to reduce stress
• Avoiding triggers like caffeine or loud noises
Sometimes, treating the underlying cause (like removing earwax or changing medications) can help reduce or eliminate tinnitus. See a doctor if you're experiencing tinnitus, especially if it's sudden, only in one ear, or comes with dizziness or hearing loss.
Trend
• In the United States, about 50 million adults experience Tinnitus. Of these, about 20 million have chronic Tinnitus, and 2 million have severe, debilitating Tinnitus.
• The number of people with tinnitus has likely increased over the past five years due to increased use of personal audio devices and an aging population. However, exact numbers for the last five years aren't readily available.
• Looking ahead five years, the number of people with tinnitus is expected to grow. This is partly because the population is aging, and Tinnitus becomes more common as people age. Also, more people are exposed to loud noises through work, entertainment, and personal audio devices. However, there's no precise projection available for the next five years.
History
Tinnitus has been known since ancient times. The Egyptians wrote about it in medical texts around 1,600 BC. In the past, people thought It was caused by evil spirits or a sign of divine punishment.
In the Middle Ages, some doctors tried to treat it by putting worms in the ear! In the 19th century, doctors started to understand that Tinnitus was related to the ear and brain. They developed early treatments like electrical stimulation. In the 20th century, researchers learned more about how hearing works and why tinnitus happens. This led to better treatments and ways to help people cope with tinnitus.
Today, scientists are still working to fully understand Tinnitus and find new ways to treat it. They're exploring things like brain stimulation and new types of sound therapy to help people with tinnitus.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• UC
What is Ulcerative Colitis?
Ulcerative Colitis, a type of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), is a long-lasting health problem that affects the large intestine, which is also called the colon. In this condition, the colon's inner lining gets inflamed and develops small sores or ulcers. These ulcers can bleed and produce pus, causing a lot of discomfort.
The main cause of Ulcerative Colitis is thought to be an overactive immune system. Normally, our immune system protects us from harmful germs. However, in people with UC, the immune system mistakenly attacks the cells in the colon, causing inflammation.
Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis can include:
• Diarrhea, often with blood or pus
• Stomach pain and cramps
• Feeling like you need to poop urgently
• Tiredness
• Weight loss
• Fever
These symptoms can come and go. Times when symptoms are bad are called flare-ups, and times when symptoms go away are called remission.
UC can affect different parts of the colon. Depending on which part is affected, doctors might use different names:
• Ulcerative proctitis: Only the rectum (the end part of the colon) is affected
• Proctosigmoiditis: The rectum and lower part of the colon are affected
• Left-sided colitis: The left side of the colon is affected
There's no cure for Ulcerative Colitis, but there are treatments that can help control symptoms and reduce inflammation. These include:
• Medicines to reduce inflammation
• Medicines to stop the immune system from attacking the colon
• Changes in diet
• Surgery in severe cases
Living with Ulcerative Colitis can be challenging. It can affect daily life, making working, traveling, or enjoying activities hard. However, with proper treatment and management, many people with UC can lead full and active lives.
It's important for people with UC to work closely with their doctors. They need regular check-ups and might need to try different treatments to find what works best for them. They also need to watch for complications, which can include anemia (low red blood cells), bone problems, and in rare cases, colon cancer.
Trend
• In the United States, about 600,000 to 900,000 people have Ulcerative Colitis. This number has likely increased over the past five years, but exact figures for this period aren't readily available.
• Looking ahead five years, the number of people with UC is expected to grow. This is partly because doctors are getting better at diagnosing it, and partly because of factors like changes in diet and environment.
History
Ulcerative Colitis was first described by British doctor Sir Samuel Wilks in 1859. At that time, it was thought to be a rare and deadly disease. In the early 1900s, doctors started to understand it better and developed the first treatments.
In the 1950s, a type of medicine called corticosteroids was found to help with UC symptoms. This was a big step forward in treatment. Over the next few decades, researchers learned more about how UC affects the body and developed new medicines.
Today, we have many more treatment options for UC than in the past. Doctors and scientists are still working hard to better understand UC and find new ways to treat it, with the goal of improving the lives of people with this condition.
• Crohn's & Colitis Foundation
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
• Mayo Clinic
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Name of the medical condition and other names that it’s been known by
• UTI
• Also known as a bladder infection when it specifically affects the bladder
What is a Urinary tract infection?
A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is an infection that can occur in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. However, most UTIs involve the lower urinary tract, which includes the bladder and the urethra.
UTIs are usually caused by bacteria, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) being the most common culprit. These bacteria normally live in the intestines but sometimes enter the urinary tract through the urethra. Once there, they can multiply and cause an infection.
Symptoms of a UTI can include:
• A burning feeling when you pee
• A strong urge to pee, even when you don't need to
• Passing small amounts of urine frequently
• Cloudy, dark, bloody, or strange-smelling urine
• Pain in the lower belly or pelvic area
• In older adults, confusion can also be a symptom
Types of UTIs:
• Cystitis (Bladder Infection): Symptoms include a frequent need to pee, pain while peeing, lower belly pain, and cloudy or bloody urine.
• Pyelonephritis (Kidney Infection): This is more serious and can cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the upper back or side.
• Urethritis (Urethra Infection): This can cause a burning sensation when peeing and discharge.
Risk Factors:
• Being female: Women have shorter urethras, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.
• Sexual activity: Can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract.
• Certain types of birth control: Using diaphragms or spermicidal agents.
• Menopause: Lower estrogen levels can change the urinary tract, making it more susceptible to infections.
• Urinary tract abnormalities: Structural problems can make it easier for bacteria to grow.
• Immune system issues: Conditions like diabetes can weaken the immune system.
Prevention Tips:
• Drink plenty of water to help flush out bacteria.
• Wipe from front to back after using the toilet to prevent bacteria from spreading.
• Empty your bladder soon after intercourse.
• Avoid irritating feminine products like douches and powders.
Treatment:
UTIs are typically treated with antibiotics. Even if you start feeling better, it's important to take the full course of antibiotics. Drinking plenty of water and avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods can also help ease symptoms.
Trend
• In the United States, about 8 to 10 million people visit the doctor yearly for UTIs.
• Around 50% of women will experience at least one UTI in their lifetime.
• Men are less likely to get UTIs, but about 1 in 10 men will have a UTI at some point.
• Exact numbers for the last five years aren't readily available, but given the annual statistics, it's likely that tens of millions of people in the U.S. have experienced a UTI in that time frame.
• The number of UTI cases is expected to remain high due to aging populations and lifestyle changes. However, better prevention and treatment methods may help manage the numbers.
History
UTIs have been recognized for centuries. Ancient texts describe symptoms that match what we now know as UTIs and early treatments included herbal remedies and dietary changes.
In the 1930s, the development of antibiotics revolutionized the treatment of UTIs, making them much easier to treat effectively. Before antibiotics, UTIs could lead to serious complications, including kidney infections and even death.
Today, thanks to medical advancements, most UTIs can be treated quickly and effectively, although recurrent infections can still be a problem for some people.
• Cleveland Clinic
• Mayo Clinic
• National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Penn Medicine
For informational purposes only. Consult a medical professional for advice.
Found this great recipe I want to share off of EatWithClarity.
Ingredients needed:
1 pound ground turkey breast
⅓ cup finely diced white onion
3 tablespoon fresh herbs of choiceI used basil and parsley
½ teaspoon garlic powder
½ teaspoon onion powder
½ teaspoon dried oregano
¼ teaspoon black pepper
2 tablespoon olive oil
½ teaspoon red pepper flakes
1 teaspoon salt
⅓ cup Parmesan
⅓ cup gluten free breadcrumbs
1 egg whisked
Preheat the oven to 400 degrees Fahrenheit.
Finely dice the onion and add to a large mixing bowl with all ingredients aside from the egg.
Mix well with a spoon.
Whisk up the egg in a small dish and add to the bowl with the turkey. Mix together until well combined.
Use a 1.5 tablespoon scoop and roll into balls.
Place on a baking sheet lined with parchment paper. You should end up with 16 meatballs.
Bake for 22-30 minutes or until golden brown. Check the inside of one and make sure it is cooked all the way through.
Remove from the oven and transfer to a skillet with tomato sauce of choice. If you're going to be freezing these, freeze without sauce.
Serve with spaghetti, with zucchini noodles or enjoy as is!
In the realm of community services, there's a growing movement towards more inclusive, engaging, and sustainable support models for individuals with special needs. Creative Abundance Group is leading this transformation, advocating for a shift from traditional sheltered workshops to community-centric programming.
Abundance Group is a beacon of innovation, revolutionizing traditional sheltered workshops and adult day programs by infusing them with creativity and abundance. Their mission is to foster environments where individuals can thrive based on their unique interests and talents.
At the heart of their philosophy is the belief that every community already possesses the resources needed for transformation. They assist with a shift to more inclusive, engaging, and community-focused models.
Creative Abundance Group's work goes beyond programming; it's about creating a cultural shift. They envision a world of abundance where every individual's potential is recognized and nurtured, leading to a more prosperous, vibrant community life and ensuring sustainable change.
To understand the significance of this transformation, let's compare the traditional sheltered workshop model with the community-centric programming approach:
|
Aspect |
Traditional Sheltered Workshops |
Community-Centric Programming |
|
Integration |
Segregation from the broader community, working in environments exclusively or primarily with other people with disabilities. |
Focuses on integrating individuals with disabilities into the community through supported employment in mainstream workplaces. |
|
Social Interaction |
Minimal interaction with non-disabled peers, leading to social isolation and limited community engagement. |
Encourages interaction with the broader community, fostering social inclusion and reducing stigma. |
|
Skill Development |
Tasks are typically rote and offer little opportunity for skill development or advancement. |
Emphasizes skill development, training, and career advancement, providing job coaching and support. |
|
Funding and Support |
Supported by private organizations and charitable donations, and sometimes receive partial funding through grants from state agencies. |
Can be more cost-effective in the long run, with potential savings for state agencies. |
|
Transition Services |
Limited or no transition services for school-age populations. |
Includes transition planning and pre-employment transition services to prepare students for community employment. |
|
Philosophy |
Facility-based paradigm, focusing on protection and segregation. |
Community-based paradigm, emphasizing inclusion, skill development, and community participation. |
|
Economic Impact |
Often relies on public funding for segregated services. |
Contributes to the community by reducing reliance on public funding for segregated services. |
|
Social Outcomes |
Limited social benefits, with potential for increased stigma and isolation. |
Significant social benefits, including increased community engagement, social tolerance, and opportunities for individuals with disabilities to participate more fully in society. |
If you would like more information, please contact Creative Abundance Group Consulting.
Support and assistance provided by New York State for people with medical conditions, health issues and/or special needs:
Office for People with Developmental Disabilities (OPWDD)
Condition: Developmental disabilities
Assistance: Help with housing, jobs, and daily living skills
https://opwdd.ny.gov/
New York State Office of Mental Health
Condition: Mental illness
Assistance: Counseling, medication, and inpatient/outpatient treatment
https://omh.ny.gov/
New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute
Condition: HIV/AIDS
Assistance: Medical care, medications, and support services
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/
New York State Cancer Services Program
Condition: Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer
Assistance: Free cancer screenings for uninsured people
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/services/
Early Intervention Program
Condition: Developmental delays in young children
Assistance: Therapy and special education services for babies and toddlers
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/infants_children/early_intervention/
Adult Cystic Fibrosis Assistance Program
Condition: Cystic fibrosis
Assistance: Help paying for medications and equipment
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/cfap/
Physically Handicapped Children's Program
Condition: Various physical disabilities in children
Assistance: Medical care and equipment for kids with disabilities
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/special_needs/physically_handicapped_children/
Medicaid Waiver for Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury
Condition: Traumatic brain injury
Assistance: Home care and community services
https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/program/longterm/tbi.htm
New York State Commission for the Blind
Condition: Blindness and visual impairments
Assistance: Job training, education, and daily living skills
https://ocfs.ny.gov/programs/nyscb/
Hearing Aid Assistance Program
Condition: Hearing loss
Assistance: Help getting hearing aids for children
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/infants_children/early_intervention/hearing_screening/hearing_aid_loan_bank.htm
Spinal Cord Injury Research Board
Condition: Spinal cord injuries
Assistance: Funding research to help people with spinal cord injuries
https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/spinal_cord_injury/
Alzheimer's Disease Caregiver Support Initiative
Condition: Alzheimer's disease and dementia
Assistance: Support and education for caregivers
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/dementia/alzheimer/
Diabetes Prevention Program
Condition: Prediabetes
Assistance: Classes to help prevent type 2 diabetes
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/diabetes/
Asthma Control Program
Condition: Asthma
Assistance: Education and support to manage asthma
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/asthma/
Obesity Prevention Program
Condition: Obesity
Assistance: Programs to help people eat healthy and be active
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/obesity/
Arthritis Program
Condition: Arthritis
Assistance: Education and exercise programs
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/arthritis/
Osteoporosis Prevention and Education Program
Condition: Osteoporosis
Assistance: Education on bone health and preventing fractures
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/osteoporosis/
Cardiovascular Health Program
Condition: Heart disease and stroke
Assistance: Programs to prevent heart disease and improve heart health
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cardiovascular/heart_disease/
Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
Condition: Lead exposure
Assistance: Testing for lead and help removing lead hazards
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/lead/
Newborn Screening Program
Condition: Various genetic and metabolic disorders in newborns
Assistance: Testing all newborns for rare health conditions
https://www.wadsworth.org/programs/newborn
Childhood Lead Poisoning Primary Prevention Program
Condition: Lead exposure in children
Assistance: Inspecting homes for lead and educating families
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/lead/primary_prevention/
Immunization Program
Condition: Vaccine-preventable diseases
Assistance: Free or low-cost vaccines for children and adults
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/immunization/
Tobacco Control Program
Condition: Smoking and tobacco use
Assistance: Help quitting smoking and preventing tobacco use
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/tobacco_control/
Dental Health Program
Condition: Oral health issues
Assistance: Education on dental health and help finding low-cost dental care
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/dental/
Migrant Health Program
Condition: Health issues affecting migrant workers
Assistance: Medical care and health education for migrant workers
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/special_populations/migrant_health/
Refugee Health Program
Condition: Health issues affecting refugees
Assistance: Health screenings and care for newly arrived refugees
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/special_populations/refugee_health/
Sickle Cell Disease Program
Condition: Sickle cell disease
Assistance: Education and support for people with sickle cell disease
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/sickle_cell/
Hemophilia Program
Condition: Hemophilia and other bleeding disorders
Assistance: Help paying for treatment and medications
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/hemophilia/
Spina Bifida Program
Condition: Spina bifida
Assistance: Medical care and support services
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/special_needs/spina_bifida/
Muscular Dystrophy Program
Condition: Muscular dystrophy
Assistance: Medical care and support services
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/muscular_dystrophy/
Epilepsy Program
Condition: Epilepsy
Assistance: Education and support for people with epilepsy
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/epilepsy/
Gaucher Disease Program
Condition: Gaucher disease
Assistance: Help paying for treatment and medications
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/gaucher/
Huntington's Disease Program
Condition: Huntington's disease
Assistance: Education and support for people with Huntington's disease
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/huntington/
Multiple Sclerosis Program
Condition: Multiple sclerosis
Assistance: Education and support for people with multiple sclerosis
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/ms/
Parkinson's Disease Program
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Assistance: Education and support for people with Parkinson's disease
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/parkinsons/
Lupus Program
Condition: Lupus
Assistance: Education and support for people with lupus
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/lupus/
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Program
Condition: ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease)
Assistance: Education and support for people with ALS
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/als/
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Program
Condition: Chronic fatigue syndrome
Assistance: Education and support for people with chronic fatigue syndrome
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/cfids/
Lyme Disease Program
Condition: Lyme disease
Assistance: Education and prevention of tick-borne illnesses
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/lyme/
Tuberculosis Control Program
Condition: Tuberculosis
Assistance: Testing, treatment, and prevention of TB
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/tuberculosis/
Hepatitis C Program
Condition: Hepatitis C
Assistance: Testing, treatment, and education about hepatitis C
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hepatitis/hepatitis_c/
Sexually Transmitted Disease Program
Condition: Sexually transmitted infections
Assistance: Testing, treatment, and prevention of STDs
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/std/
Rabies Program
Condition: Rabies exposure
Assistance: Prevention and treatment of rabies exposure
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/rabies/
West Nile Virus Program
Condition: West Nile virus
Assistance: Prevention and education about mosquito-borne illnesses
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/west_nile_virus/
Influenza Program
Condition: Flu
Assistance: Flu shots and education about preventing the flu
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/influenza/seasonal/
Childhood Asthma Program
Condition: Asthma in children
Assistance: Help managing asthma for kids and their families
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/asthma/childhood.htm
Breast Cancer Program
Condition: Breast cancer
Assistance: Education, screening, and support for breast cancer patients
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/breast/
Prostate Cancer Program
Condition: Prostate cancer
Assistance: Education and support for men with prostate cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/prostate/
Colorectal Cancer Program
Condition: Colorectal cancer
Assistance: Screening and education about colorectal cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/colorectal/
Skin Cancer Program
Condition: Skin cancer
Assistance: Education about sun safety and skin cancer prevention
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/skin/
Ovarian Cancer Program
Condition: Ovarian cancer
Assistance: Education and support for women with ovarian cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/ovarian/
Cervical Cancer Program
Condition: Cervical cancer
Assistance: Screening and education about cervical cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/cervical/
Lung Cancer Program
Condition: Lung cancer
Assistance: Education and support for people with lung cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/lung/
Leukemia Program
Condition: Leukemia
Assistance: Education and support for people with leukemia
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/leukemia/
Lymphoma Program
Condition: Lymphoma
Assistance: Education and support for people with lymphoma
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/lymphoma/
Brain Tumor Program
Condition: Brain tumors
Assistance: Education and support for people with brain tumors
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/brain/
Testicular Cancer Program
Condition: Testicular cancer
Assistance: Education and support for men with testicular cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/testicular/
Thyroid Cancer Program
Condition: Thyroid cancer
Assistance: Education and support for people with thyroid cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/thyroid/
Pancreatic Cancer Program
Condition: Pancreatic cancer
Assistance: Education and support for people with pancreatic cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/pancreatic/
Kidney Cancer Program
Condition: Kidney cancer
Assistance: Education and support for people with kidney cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/kidney/
Bladder Cancer Program
Condition: Bladder cancer
Assistance: Education and support for people with bladder cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/bladder/
Oral Cancer Program
Condition: Oral cancer
Assistance: Education and support for people with oral cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/oral/
Childhood Cancer Program
Condition: Cancer in children
Assistance: Support and resources for families of children with cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/childhood/
Cancer Survivorship Program
Condition: Cancer survivors
Assistance: Support and resources for people who have had cancer
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cancer/survivorship/
Prenatal Care Assistance Program
Condition: Pregnancy
Assistance: Free or low-cost prenatal care for pregnant women
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/pregnancy/health_care/prenatal/
Family Planning Program
Condition: Reproductive health
Assistance: Birth control and reproductive health services
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/pregnancy/family_planning/
Maternal and Infant Community Health Collaboratives
Condition: Maternal and infant health
Assistance: Support for new moms and babies in high-need communities
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/adults/women/maternal_and_infant_comm_health_collaboratives.htm
Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program
Condition: Hepatitis B in pregnant women and newborns
Assistance: Preventing hepatitis B transmission from mother to baby
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hepatitis/hepatitis_b/perinatal/
Newborn Hearing Screening Program
Condition: Hearing loss in newborns
Assistance: Testing all newborns for hearing problems
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/infants_children/early_intervention/hearing_screening/
Children with Special Health Care Needs Program
Condition: Various health conditions in children
Assistance: Help finding services for kids with special health needs
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/special_needs/
School-Based Health Center Program
Condition: Various health issues in school-age children
Assistance: Health care services provided in schools
https://www.health.ny.gov/facilities/school_based_health_centers/
Youth Development Program
Condition: Various issues affecting youth
Assistance: Programs to help young people stay healthy and succeed
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/youth/development/
Hunger Prevention and Nutrition Assistance Program
Condition: Food insecurity and malnutrition
Assistance: Provides food to food banks and soup kitchens
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/nutrition/hpnap/
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program
Condition: Nutritional needs of low-income women and children
Assistance: Provides healthy food, nutrition education, and breastfeeding support
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/nutrition/wic/
Obesity Prevention in Pediatric Health Care Settings
Condition: Childhood obesity
Assistance: Helps doctors prevent and treat obesity in kids
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/obesity/health_care/
Creating Healthy Schools and Communities
Condition: Various health issues in schools and communities
Assistance: Promotes healthy eating and physical activity
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/obesity/prevention_activities/chsc/
Disability and Health Program
Condition: Various disabilities
Assistance: Promotes health and prevents secondary conditions for people with disabilities
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/disability/
Falls Prevention Program
Condition: Risk of falling in older adults
Assistance: Education and exercises to prevent falls
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/injury_prevention/falls_prevention/
Prescription Drug Overdose Prevention Program
Condition: Prescription drug abuse
Assistance: Educates about safe medication use and prevents overdoses
https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/narcotic/
Traumatic Brain Injury Services Coordination Program
Condition: Traumatic brain injury
Assistance: Helps people with brain injuries access services
https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/tbi/
Comprehensive Care Centers for Eating Disorders
Condition: Eating disorders
Assistance: Provides specialized treatment for eating disorders
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/eating_disorders/
Chronic Disease Self-Management Program
Condition: Various chronic diseases
Assistance: Teaches people how to manage their chronic conditions
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/selfmanage/
Diabetes Self-Management Education Program
Condition: Diabetes
Assistance: Teaches people how to manage their diabetes
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/conditions/diabetes/education_program.htm
Chronic Kidney Disease Program
Condition: Chronic kidney disease
Assistance: Provides education and support for people with kidney disease
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/kidney/
Genetics Program
Condition: Genetic disorders
Assistance: Provides genetic counseling and testing
https://www.wadsworth.org/programs/newborn/genetics
Occupational Health Clinic Network
Condition: Work-related health issues
Assistance: Diagnoses and treats work-related illnesses and injuries
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/workplace/clinic_network.htm
Healthy Neighborhoods Program
Condition: Environmental health hazards in homes
Assistance: Identifies and addresses home health and safety issues
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/indoors/healthy_neighborhoods/
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
Condition: Lead poisoning in children
Assistance: Prevents and manages lead poisoning in kids
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/lead/childhood/
Climate and Health Program
Condition: Health impacts of climate change
Assistance: Prepares for and responds to climate-related health issues
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/weather/
Cooling Center Program
Condition: Heat-related illnesses
Assistance: Provides air-conditioned spaces during extreme heat
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/weather/cooling/
Radon Program
Condition: Radon exposure
Assistance: Provides information on radon testing and mitigation
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/radiological/radon/
Water Fluoridation Program
Condition: Dental health
Assistance: Promotes water fluoridation to prevent tooth decay
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/dental/fluoridation/
Drinking Water Protection Program
Condition: Waterborne illnesses
Assistance: Ensures safe drinking water for New Yorkers
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/
Bathing Beach Program
Condition: Waterborne illnesses from recreational water
Assistance: Monitors beach water quality to prevent illness
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors/beach/
Tick-borne Disease Program
Condition: Tick-borne illnesses
Assistance: Provides education and prevention strategies for tick-borne diseases
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/lyme/
Rabies Prevention Program
Condition: Rabies exposure
Assistance: Provides education and prevention strategies for rabies
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/rabies/
Zoonotic Disease Program
Condition: Diseases spread from animals to humans
Assistance: Monitors and prevents diseases transmitted from animals
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/zoonoses/
Mosquito-borne Disease Program
Condition: Mosquito-borne illnesses
Assistance: Monitors and prevents diseases transmitted by mosquitoes
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/west_nile_virus/
Foodborne Disease Program
Condition: Food poisoning and related illnesses
Assistance: Investigates and prevents foodborne illnesses
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/foodborne/
Healthcare-Associated Infections Program
Condition: Infections acquired in healthcare settings
Assistance: Prevents and controls infections in hospitals and other healthcare facilities
https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/facilities/hospital/hospital_acquired_infections/
Antibiotic Resistance Prevention Program
Condition: Antibiotic-resistant infections
Assistance: Promotes proper antibiotic use to prevent resistance
https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/diseases/reporting/communicable/antibiotic_resistance/
Legionellosis Prevention Program
Condition: Legionnaires' disease
Assistance: Prevents and controls outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/legionellosis/
Vaccine-Preventable Disease Program
Condition: Various vaccine-preventable diseases
Assistance: Promotes vaccination to prevent infectious diseases
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/immunization/
Adult Immunization Program
Condition: Vaccine-preventable diseases in adults
Assistance: Promotes vaccination for adults
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/immunization/adult_immunization/
Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program
Condition: Hepatitis B in newborns
Assistance: Prevents transmission of hepatitis B from mother to baby
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hepatitis/hepatitis_b/perinatal/
HIV/AIDS Prevention Program
Condition: HIV/AIDS
Assistance: Provides HIV testing, prevention, and treatment services
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Program
Condition: HIV prevention
Assistance: Provides medication to prevent HIV infection
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/general/prep/
Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention Program
Condition: Sexually transmitted infections
Assistance: Provides testing, treatment, and prevention services for STDs
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/std/
Tuberculosis Control Program
Condition: Tuberculosis
Assistance: Provides testing, treatment, and prevention services for TB
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/tuberculosis/
Viral Hepatitis Prevention Program
Condition: Hepatitis A, B, and C
Assistance: Provides testing, treatment, and prevention services for viral hepatitis
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hepatitis/
Communicable Disease Surveillance Program
Condition: Various infectious diseases
Assistance: Monitors and tracks the spread of infectious diseases
https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/diseases/reporting/communicable/
Wadsworth Center Newborn Screening Program
Condition: Various genetic and metabolic disorders in newborns
Assistance: Tests all newborns for rare health conditions
https://www.wadsworth.org/programs/newborn
Birth Defects Registry
Condition: Birth defects
Assistance: Tracks and studies birth defects to improve prevention and treatment
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/congenital_malformations/
Congenital Malformations Registry
Condition: Birth defects
Assistance: Collects information on birth defects to improve care and prevention
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/congenital_malformations/
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Quality Improvement Program
Condition: Various health issues in premature or sick newborns
Assistance: Improves care for babies in NICUs
https://www.health.ny.gov/facilities/hospital/nicu/
Perinatal Quality Collaborative
Condition: Various health issues in pregnant women and newborns
Assistance: Improves care for mothers and babies
https://www.albany.edu/cphce/nyspqc.shtml
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Prevention Program
Condition: SIDS
Assistance: Educates parents on safe sleep practices to prevent SIDS
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/injury_prevention/babies/sids.htm
Breastfeeding Promotion Program
Condition: Infant nutrition
Assistance: Promotes and supports breastfeeding
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/pregnancy/breastfeeding/
Child and Adult Care Food Program
Condition: Nutritional needs of children and adults in care settings
Assistance: Provides healthy meals in daycare centers and adult care facilities
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/nutrition/cacfp/
Creating Breastfeeding Friendly Communities
Condition: Infant nutrition
Assistance: Promotes breastfeeding-friendly policies and environments
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/nutrition/cacfp/breastfeedingfriendly.htm
Child and Adolescent Health Program
Condition: Various health issues in children and teens
Assistance: Promotes health and well-being of young people
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/infants_children/
School Health Program
Condition: Various health issues in school-age children
Assistance: Promotes health services and education in schools
https://www.schoolhealthny.com/
Adolescent Health Program
Condition: Various health issues in teenagers
Assistance: Promotes health and well-being of adolescents
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/youth/development/
Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs Program
Condition: Various chronic conditions and disabilities in children
Assistance: Helps families access services for children with special needs
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/special_needs/
Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Program
Condition: Hearing loss in newborns and young children
Assistance: Provides early identification and intervention for hearing loss
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/infants_children/early_intervention/hearing_screening/
Vision Screening Program
Condition: Vision problems in children
Assistance: Provides vision screening in schools
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/dental/vision_screening.htm
Oral Health Program
Condition: Dental health issues
Assistance: Promotes good oral health and access to dental care
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/dental/
School-Based Health Center Program
Condition: Various health issues in school-age children
Assistance: Provides healthcare services in schools
https://www.health.ny.gov/facilities/school_based_health_centers/
Poison Control Program
Condition: Poisoning
Assistance: Provides emergency information and prevention education for poisonings
https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/poison_control/
Suicide Prevention Program
Condition: Suicide risk
Assistance: Provides resources and support to prevent suicide
https://www.omh.ny.gov/omhweb/suicide_prevention/
Problem Gambling Program
Condition: Gambling addiction
Assistance: Offers treatment and support for problem gamblers
https://oasas.ny.gov/problem-gambling
Tobacco Control Program
Condition: Tobacco use and addiction
Assistance: Provides resources to quit smoking and prevent tobacco use
https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/tobacco_control/
Alcohol and Substance Use Prevention Program
Condition: Alcohol and drug abuse
Assistance: Provides prevention education and treatment resources
https://oasas.ny.gov/prevention
Prescription Drug Monitoring Program
Condition: Prescription drug abuse
Assistance: Monitors prescription drug use to prevent abuse
https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/narcotic/prescription_monitoring/
Opioid Overdose Prevention Program
Condition: Opioid addiction and overdose
Assistance: Provides naloxone and education to prevent overdose deaths
https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/aids/general/opioid_overdose_prevention/
Maternal and Infant Health Program
Condition: Various health issues in pregnant women and infants
Assistance: Promotes health of mothers and babies
https://www.health.ny.gov/community/pregnancy/
Support and assistance provided by Connecticut for people with medical conditions, health issues and/or special needs:
Department of Social Services - HUSKY Health (Medicaid)
Condition: Low-income individuals and families
Assistance: Free or low-cost health insurance coverage
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/HUSKY
Access Health CT
Condition: Uninsured residents
Assistance: Help finding and enrolling in affordable health insurance plans
URL: https://www.accesshealthct.com/
Connecticut Home Care Program for Elders
Condition: Seniors needing home care
Assistance: In-home services to help seniors stay at home instead of nursing homes
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/DSS/Health-And-Home-Care/Connecticut-Home-Care-Program-for-Elders/Connecticut-Home-Care-Program-for-Elders
Connecticut AIDS Drug Assistance Program (CADAP)
Condition: HIV/AIDS
Assistance: Help paying for HIV/AIDS medications
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/AIDS--Chronic-Diseases/Care/CADAP
Connecticut Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program
Condition: Breast and cervical cancer
Assistance: Free breast and cervical cancer screenings for eligible women
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/Comprehensive-Cancer/Comprehensive-Cancer/Connecticut-Breast--Cervical-Cancer-Early-Detection-Program-CBCCEDP
Birth to Three System
Condition: Infants/toddlers with developmental delays
Assistance: Early intervention services for young children with delays
URL: https://www.birth23.org/
Connecticut Autism Waiver Program
Condition: Autism spectrum disorder
Assistance: Home and community-based services for people with autism
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/DSS/Health-And-Home-Care/Autism-Services/Autism-Waiver-Program
CHOICES Program
Condition: Medicare beneficiaries
Assistance: Free counseling on Medicare options and benefits
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/AgingandDisability/Content-Pages/Programs/CHOICES-Connecticuts-program-for-Health-insurance-assistance-Outreach-Information-and-referral-Couns
Connecticut Home Care Program for Adults with Disabilities
Condition: Adults with disabilities
Assistance: In-home care services to help people stay in their homes
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/DSS/Health-And-Home-Care/Connecticut-Home-Care-Program-for-Adults-with-Disabilities/Connecticut-Home-Care-Program-for-Adults-with-Disabilities-CHCPD
MED-Connect (Medicaid for Employees with Disabilities)
Condition: Employed individuals with disabilities
Assistance: Medicaid coverage for working people with disabilities
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/DSS/Health-And-Home-Care/Disability-Services/Med-Connect---Medicaid-for-Employees-with-Disabilities
Connecticut Children's Medical Center
Condition: Various pediatric conditions
Assistance: Specialized medical care for children
URL: https://www.connecticutchildrens.org/
Connecticut Dental Health Partnership
Condition: Dental health needs
Assistance: Dental care for HUSKY Health members
Department of Developmental Services
Condition: Intellectual disabilities
Assistance: Support services for people with intellectual disabilities
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/DDS
Bureau of Rehabilitation Services
Condition: Various disabilities
Assistance: Vocational rehabilitation services to help people with disabilities find work
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/AgingandDisability/Content-Pages/Bureaus/Bureau-of-Rehabilitation-Services
Connecticut Behavioral Health Partnership
Condition: Mental health and substance use disorders
Assistance: Behavioral health services for HUSKY Health members
URL: https://www.ctbhp.com/
Connecticut Statewide Respite Care Program
Condition: Alzheimer's disease and related dementias
Assistance: Respite care services for caregivers
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/AgingandDisability/Content-Pages/Programs/Statewide-Respite-Care-Program
Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services
Condition: Mental health and substance use disorders
Assistance: Treatment and support services for mental health and addiction
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/DMHAS
Connecticut Lifespan Respite Coalition
Condition: Various conditions requiring caregiving
Assistance: Respite care services for family caregivers
URL: https://www.ct.gov/opm/cwp/view.asp?a=2998&q=436080
Connecticut Family Support Network
Condition: Children with special healthcare needs
Assistance: Information and support for families of children with special needs
URL: https://ctfsn.org/
Connecticut Council on Developmental Disabilities
Condition: Developmental disabilities
Assistance: Advocacy and support for people with developmental disabilities
URL: https://portal.ct.gov/CTCDD
Connecticut Tech Act Project
Condition: Various disabilities
Assistance: Help accessing assistive technology devices and services
URL: https://cttechact.com/
Connecticut Association for Healthcare at Home
Condition: Various conditions requiring home care
Assistance: Home health and hospice services
URL: https://www.cthealthcareathome.org/
Connecticut Brain Injury Support Network
Condition: Brain injuries
Assistance: Support groups and resources for people with brain injuries
URL: https://www.biact.org/
Connecticut Hearing Voices Network
Condition: Mental health conditions involving voice hearing
Assistance: Support groups for people who hear voices
URL: https://www.hearingvoicesusa.org/hvn-usa-groups/find-a-group/152-connecticut
Connecticut Parkinson's Working Group
Condition: Parkinson's disease
Assistance: Support and resources for people with Parkinson's disease
URL: https://ctparkinsons.org/
Connecticut Epilepsy Advocate
Condition: Epilepsy
Assistance: Support and advocacy for people with epilepsy
URL: https://www.epilepsyct.com/
Connecticut Association of Optometrists
Condition: Vision problems
Assistance: Eye care services and vision screenings
URL: https://www.cteyes.org/
Connecticut Speech-Language-Hearing Association
Condition: Speech, language, and hearing disorders
Assistance: Resources for speech and hearing services
URL: https://www.ctspeechhearing.org/
Connecticut Occupational Therapy Association
Condition: Various conditions requiring occupational therapy
Assistance: Resources for occupational therapy services
URL: https://www.connota.org/
Connecticut Physical Therapy Association
Condition: Various conditions requiring physical therapy
Assistance: Resources for physical therapy services
URL: https://ctpt.org/
Connecticut Association for the Deaf
Condition: Hearing impairment
Assistance: Advocacy and resources for deaf and hard of hearing individuals
URL: https://www.cadinc.org/
Connecticut Council of the Blind
Condition: Visual impairment
Assistance: Advocacy and resources for blind and visually impaired individuals
URL: https://www.ccbct.org/
Connecticut Down Syndrome Congress
Condition: Down syndrome
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with Down syndrome and their families
URL: https://www.ctdownsyndrome.org/
Connecticut Autism Spectrum Resource Center
Condition: Autism spectrum disorder
Assistance: Resources and support for individuals with autism and their families
URL: https://www.ct-asrc.org/
Connecticut Association for Children and Adults with Learning Disabilities
Condition: Learning disabilities
Assistance: Resources and support for individuals with learning disabilities
URL: https://www.cacld.org/
Connecticut Brain Tumor Alliance
Condition: Brain tumors
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with brain tumors
URL: https://www.ctbta.org/
Connecticut Hospice
Condition: Terminal illnesses
Assistance: End-of-life care and support
URL: https://www.hospice.com/
Connecticut Kidney Foundation
Condition: Kidney disease
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with kidney disease
URL: https://www.kidneyct.org/
Connecticut Hemophilia Society
Condition: Hemophilia and bleeding disorders
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with bleeding disorders
URL: https://www.cthemophilia.org/
Connecticut Celiac Disease Support Group
Condition: Celiac disease
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with celiac disease
URL: https://www.celiacct.org/
Connecticut Tourette Syndrome Association
Condition: Tourette syndrome
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with Tourette syndrome
URL: https://www.tsact.org/
Connecticut Lupus Foundation
Condition: Lupus
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with lupus
URL: https://www.lupusct.org/
Connecticut Multiple Sclerosis Society
Condition: Multiple sclerosis
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with multiple sclerosis
URL: https://www.nationalmssociety.org/Chapters/CTN
Connecticut Alzheimer's Association
Condition: Alzheimer's disease and related dementias
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with Alzheimer's and their caregivers
URL: https://www.alz.org/ct
Connecticut Arthritis Foundation
Condition: Arthritis
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with arthritis
URL: https://www.arthritis.org/local-offices/ct
Connecticut Chapter of the American Diabetes Association
Condition: Diabetes
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with diabetes
URL: https://www.diabetes.org/community/local-offices/connecticut
Connecticut Asthma and Allergy Foundation
Condition: Asthma and allergies
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with asthma and allergies
URL: https://www.aafa.org/connecticut/
Connecticut Heart Association
Condition: Heart disease
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with heart disease
URL: https://www.heart.org/en/affiliates/connecticut/welcome-to-connecticut
Connecticut Lung Association
Condition: Lung diseases
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with lung diseases
URL: https://www.lung.org/about-us/local-associations/connecticut.html
Connecticut Cancer Foundation
Condition: Cancer
Assistance: Financial assistance and support for Connecticut cancer patients
URL: https://www.ctcancerfoundation.org/
Connecticut Children's Specialty Group
Condition: Various pediatric conditions
Assistance: Specialized medical care for children
URL: https://www.connecticutchildrens.org/specialty-group/
Connecticut Crohn's and Colitis Foundation
Condition: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases
URL: https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/chapters/connecticut
Connecticut Spinal Cord Injury Association
Condition: Spinal cord injuries
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with spinal cord injuries
URL: https://sciact.org/
Connecticut Amputee Network
Condition: Amputations
Assistance: Support and resources for amputees
URL: https://www.amputee-coalition.org/support-groups-peer-support/support-group-network/connecticut/
Connecticut Dyslexia Association
Condition: Dyslexia
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with dyslexia
URL: https://ctdyslexia.org/
Connecticut Traumatic Brain Injury Association
Condition: Traumatic brain injuries
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with traumatic brain injuries
URL: https://www.biact.org/
Connecticut Sickle Cell Disease Association
Condition: Sickle cell disease
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with sickle cell disease
URL: https://www.sicklecelldisease.org/get-involved/sickle-cell-disease-organizations-around-the-world/connecticut/
Connecticut Rare Disease Foundation
Condition: Rare diseases
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with rare diseases
URL: https://rarediseases.org/organizations/connecticut-rare-action-network/
Connecticut Cystic Fibrosis Foundation
Condition: Cystic fibrosis
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with cystic fibrosis
URL: https://www.cff.org/Chapters/connecticut
Connecticut Huntington's Disease Society
Condition: Huntington's disease
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with Huntington's disease
URL: https://hdsa.org/chapter/connecticut-chapter/
Connecticut Muscular Dystrophy Association
Condition: Muscular dystrophy and related neuromuscular diseases
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with muscular dystrophy
URL: https://www.mda.org/office/hartford
Connecticut ALS Association
Condition: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with ALS
URL: https://www.als.org/connecticut
Connecticut Leukemia & Lymphoma Society
Condition: Blood cancers
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with blood cancers
URL: https://www.lls.org/connecticut-hudson-valley
Connecticut Myasthenia Gravis Foundation
Condition: Myasthenia gravis
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with myasthenia gravis
URL: https://myasthenia.org/Support/Support-Groups-by-State/Connecticut
Connecticut Fibromyalgia & Chronic Pain Association
Condition: Fibromyalgia and chronic pain
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with fibromyalgia and chronic pain
URL: https://fibroct.org/
Connecticut Lyme Disease Association
Condition: Lyme disease
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with Lyme disease
URL: https://www.lymediseaseassociation.org/resources/support-groups/connecticut
Connecticut Eating Disorders Association
Condition: Eating disorders
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with eating disorders
URL: https://www.eatingdisordersct.org/
Connecticut Aphasia Resource Association
Condition: Aphasia
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with aphasia
URL: https://www.aphasia.org/aphasia-community/support-groups/connecticut/
Connecticut Dystonia Support Group
Condition: Dystonia
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with dystonia
URL: https://dystonia-foundation.org/connect/support-groups/connecticut/
Connecticut Endometriosis Association
Condition: Endometriosis
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with endometriosis
URL: https://endometriosisassn.org/support/support-groups/connecticut
Connecticut Neurofibromatosis Network
Condition: Neurofibromatosis
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with neurofibromatosis
URL: https://www.ctf.org/understanding-nf/find-local-support/connecticut
Connecticut Psoriasis Foundation
Condition: Psoriasis
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with psoriasis
URL: https://www.psoriasis.org/connecticut/
Connecticut Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation
Condition: Sjogren's syndrome
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with Sjogren's syndrome
URL: https://www.sjogrens.org/get-involved/find-support/support-groups/connecticut
Connecticut Stuttering Association
Condition: Stuttering
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals who stutter
URL: https://westutter.org/find-nsa-meeting-near/connecticut/
Connecticut Tinnitus Association
Condition: Tinnitus
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with tinnitus
URL: https://www.ata.org/support-groups/connecticut
Connecticut Vestibular Disorders Association
Condition: Vestibular disorders
Assistance: Support and resources for individuals with vestibular disorders
URL: https://vestibular.org/find-support/support-groups/connecticut/
Connecticut Disability Rights Network
Condition: Various disabilities
Assistance: Advocacy and legal support for people with disabilities
URL: ctdisrights.org
Connecticut Mental Health Center
Condition: Mental health disorders
Assistance: Comprehensive mental health services including therapy and medication management
Connecticut State Department of Education - Special Education
Condition: Special education needs
Assistance: Resources and support for students with disabilities in schools
URL: ct.gov/sde
Connecticut Office of Protection and Advocacy for Persons with Disabilities
Condition: Various disabilities
Assistance: Advocacy and legal services to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities
URL: ct.gov/opapd
Connecticut Coalition Against Domestic Violence
Condition: Domestic violence survivors
Assistance: Support services for survivors of domestic violence, including counseling and shelter
URL: ctcadv.org
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Immunization Program
Condition: Vaccine-preventable diseases
Assistance: Free or low-cost immunizations for children and adults
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Children and Families
Condition: Children with special needs
Assistance: Services for children with emotional and behavioral issues
URL: ct.gov/dcf
Connecticut Statewide Independent Living Council
Condition: Various disabilities
Assistance: Resources and support for independent living for people with disabilities
URL: ctsilc.org
Connecticut Department of Social Services - SNAP
Condition: Low-income individuals and families
Assistance: Food assistance for eligible families
URL: ct.gov/dss
Connecticut Department of Social Services - Energy Assistance Program
Condition: Low-income households
Assistance: Help with heating and energy costs
URL: ct.gov/dss
Connecticut Department of Social Services - Temporary Family Assistance
Condition: Low-income families
Assistance: Financial assistance for families in need
URL: ct.gov/dss
Connecticut Department of Social Services - Refugee Resettlement Program
Condition: Refugees and asylees
Assistance: Support services for refugees to help them settle in Connecticut
URL: ct.gov/dss
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Lead Poisoning Prevention
Condition: Lead exposure
Assistance: Screening and education about lead poisoning prevention
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Tobacco Control Program
Condition: Tobacco use and addiction
Assistance: Programs to help quit smoking and reduce tobacco use
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Maternal and Child Health
Condition: Maternal and child health issues
Assistance: Services and programs to improve health for mothers and children
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Statewide Respite Care Program
Condition: Caregivers of individuals with chronic illnesses
Assistance: Temporary relief for caregivers
URL: ct.gov/opm
Connecticut Department of Aging and Disability Services
Condition: Aging and disabilities
Assistance: Resources and support for older adults and individuals with disabilities
URL: ct.gov/ads
Connecticut Department of Rehabilitation Services
Condition: Various disabilities
Assistance: Vocational rehabilitation and support services
URL: ct.gov/drs
Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services - Crisis Services
Condition: Mental health crises
Assistance: Emergency mental health services
URL: ct.gov/dmhas
Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services - Substance Abuse Services
Condition: Substance use disorders
Assistance: Treatment and support for individuals with substance use issues
URL: ct.gov/dmhas
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Chronic Disease Prevention
Condition: Chronic diseases
Assistance: Programs to prevent and manage chronic diseases
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Oral Health Program
Condition: Dental health issues
Assistance: Programs to improve oral health for children and adults
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Injury Prevention Program
Condition: Injury prevention
Assistance: Education and resources to prevent injuries
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Sexual Health Program
Condition: Sexual health issues
Assistance: Education and resources for sexual health
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Environmental Health
Condition: Environmental health issues
Assistance: Resources for addressing environmental health concerns
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Equity
Condition: Health disparities
Assistance: Programs to address health equity and disparities
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Family Planning Program
Condition: Reproductive health
Assistance: Family planning services and education
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - WIC Program
Condition: Nutritional needs for women and children
Assistance: Nutrition assistance for pregnant women, new mothers, and young children
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - School Health Program
Condition: Children's health
Assistance: Health services and resources for schools
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Community Health Services
Condition: Community health issues
Assistance: Support for community health initiatives
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Promotion
Condition: General health promotion
Assistance: Programs to promote healthy lifestyles
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Statistics
Condition: Public health data
Assistance: Access to health statistics and data
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Vital Records
Condition: Vital records needs
Assistance: Access to birth, death, and marriage records
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Care Quality
Condition: Health care quality issues
Assistance: Resources to improve health care quality
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Emergency Preparedness
Condition: Public health emergencies
Assistance: Resources and planning for public health emergencies
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Preparedness and Response
Condition: Public health response
Assistance: Planning and resources for public health emergencies
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Public Health Laboratory
Condition: Laboratory testing needs
Assistance: Laboratory testing services for public health
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Care Access
Condition: Health care access issues
Assistance: Programs to improve access to health care
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Communication
Condition: Health communication needs
Assistance: Resources for effective health communication
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Education
Condition: Health education needs
Assistance: Programs and resources for health education
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Policy
Condition: Health policy issues
Assistance: Resources and advocacy for health policy changes
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Research
Condition: Health research needs
Assistance: Support for public health research initiatives
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Informatics
Condition: Health informatics needs
Assistance: Resources for health data and informatics
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Systems
Condition: Health systems issues
Assistance: Resources for improving health systems
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Equity Institute
Condition: Health disparities
Assistance: Programs to address health equity
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Tobacco Control
Condition: Tobacco use
Assistance: Programs to reduce tobacco use
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Nutrition Services
Condition: Nutritional needs
Assistance: Nutrition assistance and education programs
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - School Health
Condition: School health issues
Assistance: Resources for health in schools
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Family Health
Condition: Family health issues
Assistance: Programs to support family health
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Community Health Assessment
Condition: Community health issues
Assistance: Resources for assessing community health
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Data
Condition: Health data needs
Assistance: Access to public health data
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Promotion
Condition: Health promotion needs
Assistance: Programs to promote healthy lifestyles
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Public Health Training
Condition: Public health training needs
Assistance: Training programs for public health professionals
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Public Health Research
Condition: Public health research needs
Assistance: Support for public health research initiatives
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Communication
Condition: Health communication needs
Assistance: Resources for effective health communication
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Systems
Condition: Health systems issues
Assistance: Resources for improving health systems
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Equity
Condition: Health disparities
Assistance: Programs to address health equity
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Emergency Preparedness
Condition: Public health emergencies
Assistance: Planning and resources for public health emergencies
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Vital Records
Condition: Vital records needs
Assistance: Access to birth, death, and marriage records
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Promotion
Condition: Health promotion needs
Assistance: Programs to promote healthy lifestyles
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Education
Condition: Health education needs
Assistance: Programs and resources for health education
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Policy
Condition: Health policy issues
Assistance: Resources and advocacy for health policy changes
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Research
Condition: Health research needs
Assistance: Support for public health research initiatives
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Informatics
Condition: Health informatics needs
Assistance: Resources for health data and informatics
URL: ct.gov/dph
Connecticut Department of Public Health - Health Systems
Condition: Health systems issues
Assistance: Resources for improving health systems
Support and assistance provided by Maryland for people with medical conditions, health issues, and/or special needs:
Autism Waiver Program
Condition: Autism Spectrum Disorder
Assistance: Therapeutic services, respite care, environmental adaptations
URL: https://marylandpublicschools.org/programs/Pages/Special-Education/autismfactsheet.aspx
Medical Home Initiatives for Children with Special Health Care Needs
Condition: Special health care needs in children
Assistance: Coordinated care through primary care providers
URL: https://phpa.health.maryland.gov/mch/Pages/home.aspx
Maryland Children’s Health Program (MCHP)
Condition: Children and pregnant women
Assistance: Full health benefits for eligible children and pregnant women
URL: https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/chp/pages/home.aspx
Children’s Medical Services Program (CMS)
Condition: Chronic illness or disability in children
Assistance: Specialty care for low-income, uninsured or underinsured children
URL: https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/epsdt/pages/cms.aspx
Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT)
Condition: Child health component of Medicaid
Assistance: Comprehensive child healthcare services
URL: https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/epsdt/pages/home.aspx
Health Choice Program
Condition: Medicaid recipients
Assistance: Managed care through a primary care provider system
URL: https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/healthchoice/pages/home.aspx
Maryland AIDS Drug Assistance Program (MADAP)
Condition: HIV/AIDS
Assistance: Prescription drug assistance for eligible individuals
URL: https://phpa.health.maryland.gov/OIDPCS/CHCS/pages/madap.aspx
Senior Prescription Drug Assistance Program
Condition: Seniors needing prescription drugs
Assistance: Financial help with prescription drug costs
URL: https://marylandspdap.com/
Home and Community-Based Options Waiver
Condition: Older adults and physical disabilities
Assistance: Services to live at home instead of a nursing facility
URL: https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/waiverprograms/pages/home-and-community-based-options-waiver.aspx
Model Waiver for Medically Fragile Children
Condition: Medically fragile children
Assistance: Home-based medical services to avoid institutional care
URL: https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/waiverprograms/pages/model-waiver.aspx
Rare and Expensive Case Management (REM)
Condition: Rare diseases and expensive medical conditions
Assistance: Specialized case management services
URL: https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/rem/pages/home.aspx
Traumatic Brain Injury Waiver Services for Adults
Condition: Brain injury
Assistance: Residential habilitation, day habilitation, supported employment
URL: https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/waiverprograms/pages/tbi-waiver.aspx
211 Maryland Access Point (MAP)
Condition: Seniors and adults with disabilities
Assistance: Information on resources, individualized counseling
URL: https://211md.org/access-point/
Durable Medical Equipment Re-Use Program
Condition: Need for medical equipment
Assistance: Provides refurbished medical equipment like canes or walkers
URL: https://aging.maryland.gov/accesspoint/Pages/Durable-Medical-Equipment-Reuse.aspx
My Turn Program
Condition: Developmental disabilities in children
Assistance: Support for families with children aged 3-13 not connected to state resources
URL: https://health.maryland.gov/phpa/genetics/docs/My%20Turn%20Program.pdf
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Commission
Condition: Intellectual and developmental disabilities
Assistance: Promotes communication among families and service providers
URL: https://health.maryland.gov/dda/pages/home.aspx
Caregiver Support Programs
Condition: Caregivers of seniors or individuals with special needs
Assistance: Mental health support, respite care
URL: https://aging.maryland.gov/accesspoint/Pages/Caregiver-Support.aspx
Maryland Developmental Disabilities Administration (DDA) Services
Condition: Developmental disabilities
Assistance: Behavior support, employment services, housing support
URL: https://health.maryland.gov/dda/pages/home.aspx
Medical Day Care Services Waiver
Condition: Individuals requiring nursing facility level of care
Assistance: Daytime medical care in a community setting
URL:https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/waiverprograms/pages/mdc-waiver.aspx
Temporary Disability Assistance Program (TDAP)
Condition : Short-term disability
Assistance : Cash assistance for disabled individuals
URL :https://dhs.maryland.gov/weathering-tough-times/temporary-disability-assistance/
Medicare Buy-In Programs
Condition : Low-income Medicare beneficiaries
Assistance : Helps pay Medicare premiums and cost-sharing expenses
Long Term Care Medical Assistance
* Condition : Need for nursing home care
* Assistance : Covers costs associated with long-term nursing home care
* URL :https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/longtermcare/pages/home.aspx
Community First Choice (CFC)
Condition : Disabilities and older adults
Assistance : Personal care, emergency response systems, assistive technology, home adaptations
URL :https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/cfc/pages/home.aspx
Community Personal Assistance Services (CPAS)
Condition : Disabilities or chronic medical conditions
Assistance : In-home care, nurse monitoring, workplace services
URL :https://mmcp.health.maryland.gov/communityfirstchoice/pages/cpas.aspx
Community Pathways Waiver
Condition : Intellectual or developmental disabilities
Assistance : Wide array of services through licensed providers
URL :https://health.maryland.gov/dda/pages/community-pathways-waiver.aspx
Low Intensity Support Services (LISS)
Condition : Disabilities
Assistance : Funding for personal care, respite care, and community integration
URL :https://health.maryland.gov/dda/pages/liss.aspx
Community Supports Waiver
Condition : Developmental disabilities
Assistance : Individual and family supports with budget cap
URL :https://health.maryland.gov/dda/pages/community-supports-waiver.aspx
Maryland Medical Assistance (Medicaid)
Condition : Low-income individuals
Assistance : Comprehensive healthcare coverage
URL:http://www.dhmh.state.md.us/mma/
Support and assistance provided by Florida for people with medical conditions, health issues, and/or special needs:
Agency for Health Care Administration (AHCA)
Condition: Low-income individuals and families
Assistance: Provides Medicaid coverage for healthcare services
URL: https://ahca.myflorida.com/medicaid
Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF)
Condition: Low-income individuals and families
Assistance: Determines Medicaid eligibility and provides access to healthcare
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/medicaid
Florida KidCare
Condition: Children under 18 from low-income families
Assistance: Offers low-cost health insurance for children
URL: https://www.floridakidcare.org
Medically Needy Program
Condition: Individuals not eligible for full Medicaid due to income or asset limits
Assistance: Provides Medicaid coverage after a monthly "share of cost" is met
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/medicaid
Federally Qualified Health Centers
Condition: Individuals with limited or no health insurance
Assistance: Offers medical care on a sliding scale based on income
Florida Blue Care Team
Condition: Various chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, asthma, heart disease)
Assistance: Provides personalized care management and support
URL: https://www.floridablue.com/answers/all-about-care/programs-when-i-need-extra-help
Emcara Health
Condition: Complex health issues or multiple health conditions
Assistance: Offers in-home care management and support services
URL: https://www.floridablue.com/answers/all-about-care/programs-when-i-need-extra-help
Healthy Addition® Prenatal Program
Condition: Pregnancy
Assistance: Provides guidance and support for a healthy pregnancy and newborn care
URL: https://www.floridablue.com/answers/all-about-care/programs-when-i-need-extra-help
Florida Department of Health - HIV/AIDS Section
Condition: HIV/AIDS
Assistance: Offers HIV testing, care, and support services
Florida Insulin Distribution Program
Condition: Diabetes
Assistance: Provides access to insulin for eligible individuals
Florida Free & Charitable Clinics
Condition: Various health conditions for uninsured or underinsured individuals
Assistance: Offers free or low-cost medical care
Florida Local Health Offices
Condition: Various health conditions
Assistance: Provides local public health services and resources
Refugee Health Services in Florida
Condition: Health needs of refugees
Assistance: Offers health screenings and care for refugees
Florida Department of Health - Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program
Condition: Pregnant women, new mothers, and young children with nutritional needs
Assistance: Provides healthy foods, nutrition education, and healthcare referrals
URL: https://www.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/wic/links.html
Agency for Persons with Disabilities
Condition: Developmental disabilities
Assistance: Offers support services and resources for individuals with developmental disabilities
URL: https://www.stateofflorida.com/health-services/
Florida School for the Deaf & the Blind
Condition: Deaf or blind children
Assistance: Provides specialized education and support services
URL: https://www.stateofflorida.com/health-services/
Florida Department of Health - Children's Medical Services
Condition: Children with special healthcare needs
Assistance: Offers specialized care and support for children with complex medical conditions
URL: https://www.stateofflorida.com/health-services/
Florida Department of Health – Family Health Line
Condition: Pregnant women, infants, and toddlers
Assistance: Provides referral information for prenatal care, infant and toddler health care, and Healthy Start.
URL: https://www.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/wic/links.html
Florida Department of Health – Breastfeeding Helpline
Condition: Breastfeeding mothers.
Assistance: Offers support and information for breastfeeding.
URL: https://www.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/wic/links.html
Florida Department of Children and Families – Domestic Violence Hotline
Condition: Victims of domestic violence.
Assistance: Provides support and resources for domestic violence victims.
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/services/abuse/domestic-violence
Florida Department of Children and Families – Child Abuse Hotline
Condition: Children at risk of abuse or neglect.
Assistance: Offers reporting and support services for child abuse cases.
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/services/abuse
Florida Department of Revenue – Child Support Enforcement
Condition: Families in need of child support.
Assistance: Helps establish and enforce child support orders.
URL: https://floridarevenue.com/childsupport/Pages/default.aspx
Florida Discount Drug Card
Condition: Individuals needing assistance with prescription drug costs.
Assistance: Provides discounts on prescription medications.
URL: https://www.floridadiscountdrugcard.com
Florida Department of Children and Families – Food Assistance Program
Condition: Low-income individuals and families.
Assistance: Helps people buy healthy food.
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/services/public-assistance
Florida Department of Children and Families – Temporary Cash Assistance (TCA)
Condition: Families with children under 18 or pregnant women in their third trimester.
Assistance: Provides cash assistance for basic needs.
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/services/public-assistance
Florida Department of Children and Families – Refugee Services Program
Condition: Refugees and asylum seekers.
Assistance: Helps refugees achieve economic self-sufficiency and social adjustment.
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/services/public-assistance
Florida Department of Children and Families – Office on Homelessness
Condition: Individuals experiencing homelessness.
Assistance: Oversees policy and funding toward ending homelessness.
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/services/public-assistance
Florida Department of Health – Healthy Families Florida
Condition: At-risk families with young children.
Assistance: Provides home visiting services to prevent child abuse and neglect.
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/services/public-assistance
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services – National School Lunch Program
Condition: School-age children from low-income families.
Assistance: Provides nutritious lunches at school.
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/services/public-assistance
Head Start Florida
Condition: Low-income families with young children.
Assistance: Offers early childhood education and family support services.
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/services/public-assistance
Home Instruction for Parents of Preschool Youngsters (HIPPY) – Florida
Condition: Families with young children.
Assistance: Provides home-based early childhood education.
URL: https://www.myflfamilies.com/services/public-assistance
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)
Condition: Low-income households needing help with energy costs
Assistance: Provides financial assistance for energy bills to keep families safe
URL: https://liheapch.acf.hhs.gov
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
Condition: Low-income individuals and families
Assistance: Provides nutrition benefits to supplement food budgets
URL: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap
Hill-Burton Foundation
Condition: Uninsured or underinsured individuals
Assistance: Helps with medical services for those unable to afford them
URL: https://www.hrsa.gov/get-health-care/affordable/hill-burton
Workforce Florida
Condition: Individuals seeking employment or job training
Assistance: Provides workforce development and job placement services
Florida Alcohol & Drug Abuse Association
Condition: Individuals with substance abuse issues
Assistance: Offers substance abuse treatment and prevention services
Florida Legal Services
Condition: Low-income individuals needing legal assistance
Assistance: Provides civil legal assistance to those who cannot afford a lawyer
URL: https://www.floridalegal.org
Florida ACCESS Program
Condition: Low-income individuals needing assistance
Assistance: Helps with various needs including food assistance
URL: https://myfloridacfo.com/mymoney/me/govbenefits
Agency for Persons with Disabilities
Condition: Individuals with developmental disabilities
Assistance: Provides support services for people with developmental disabilities
URL: https://apd.myflorida.com
Florida Public Assistance (PA)
Condition: Individuals affected by disasters
Assistance: Provides aid to state governments in returning disaster areas to pre-disaster conditions
URL: https://disasterassistance.gov
Florida Department of Financial Services – Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
Condition: Blind, elderly, people with disabilities who have limited income/resources
Assistance: Monthly financial support
URL: https://myfloridacfo.com/mymoney/me/govbenefits
Florida Department of Financial Services – Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)
Condition: People who cannot work due to a disability
Assistance: Monthly financial support based on work history
URL: https://myfloridacfo.com/mymoney/me/govbenefits
Florida Department of Health – Office of Volunteer Health Services
Condition: Individuals needing healthcare assistance
Assistance: Information about health services & volunteer opportunities
URL: https://www.doh.state.fl.us
ACCESS Florida
Condition: Low-income families needing assistance
Assistance: Access to public assistance programs including food stamps & cash assistance
URL: http:/access.fl.gov
Healthy Start Coalition
Condition:* Pregnant women & infants at risk
Assistance:* Case management & education to improve maternal & infant health outcomes
URL:* http:/healthystartcoalition.org
Disability Rights Florida
Condition: Individuals with disabilities
Assistance: Advocacy & legal assistance to protect rights & ensure access to services
URL: http:/disabilityrightsflorida.org
Support and assistance provided by California for people with medical conditions, health issues, and/or special needs:
Agency/Organization: California Department of Health Care Services (DHCS)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: General health coverage
Type of Assistance: Provides free or low-cost health coverage through Medi-Cal
URL: https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/medi-cal
Agency/Organization: California Department of Social Services (CDSS)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Food assistance
Type of Assistance: Offers CalFresh (food stamps) to help buy healthy food
Agency/Organization: California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Housing for individuals with health issues
Type of Assistance: Provides supportive housing through the Housing for a Healthy California Program
URL: https://www.hcd.ca.gov/grants-and-funding/programs-active/housing-healthy-california-program
Agency/Organization: California Student Aid Commission (CSAC)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Financial aid for students with disabilities
Type of Assistance: Offers Cal Grants and other financial aid programs
URL: https://www2.calgrants.org/apply/applynow.aspx
Agency/Organization: Covered California
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Health insurance
Type of Assistance: Provides health insurance through the Affordable Care Act
URL: https://www.coveredca.com/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Child Support Services (DCSS)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Child support
Type of Assistance: Provides services to establish and enforce child support orders
URL: https://www.childsupport.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Education (CDE)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Special education
Type of Assistance: Offers programs and resources for students with disabilities
URL: https://www.cde.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Food safety
Type of Assistance: Ensures the safety of food products and agricultural practices
URL: https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Fire-related injuries
Type of Assistance: Provides fire prevention, suppression, and emergency response
URL: https://www.fire.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Industrial Relations (DIR)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Workplace injuries
Type of Assistance: Offers workers' compensation and occupational safety programs
URL: https://www.dir.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Insurance (CDI)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Insurance coverage
Type of Assistance: Regulates insurance companies and protects consumers
URL: https://www.insurance.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Justice (DOJ)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Crime victims
Type of Assistance: Provides support and resources for crime victims
URL: https://oag.ca.gov/crimevictims
Agency/Organization: California Department of Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Labor rights
Type of Assistance: Enforces labor laws and protects workers' rights
URL: https://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Managed Health Care (DMHC)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Health plan issues
Type of Assistance: Regulates health plans and protects consumers
URL: https://www.managedhealthcare.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Driver's licenses for individuals with disabilities
Type of Assistance: Provides accessible driver's licenses and identification cards
Agency/Organization: California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Pesticide exposure
Type of Assistance: Regulates the use of pesticides to protect public health
URL: https://www.cdpr.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Environmental health
Type of Assistance: Promotes recycling and waste reduction to protect public health
URL: https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of State Hospitals (DSH)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Mental health
Type of Assistance: Provides treatment and rehabilitation for individuals with mental health issues
URL: https://www.dsh.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Toxic substance exposure
Type of Assistance: Regulates hazardous waste and protects public health
URL: https://www.dtsc.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Transportation accessibility
Type of Assistance: Ensures accessible transportation infrastructure for individuals with disabilities
URL: https://www.dot.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Water Resources (DWR)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Water quality
Type of Assistance: Manages water resources to ensure safe drinking water
URL: https://www.water.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Emergency Medical Services Authority (EMSA)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Emergency medical services
Type of Assistance: Provides training and regulation for emergency medical services
URL: https://www.emsa.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Health and Human Services Agency (CHHS)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: General health and human services
Type of Assistance: Oversees various health and human services programs
URL: https://www.chhs.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Office of the State Controller (SCO)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Financial assistance
Type of Assistance: Manages state funds and provides financial oversight
URL: https://www.sco.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Office of the State Treasurer (OST)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Financial management
Type of Assistance: Manages state investments and financial resources
URL: https://www.treasurer.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Utility services
Type of Assistance: Regulates utility services to ensure safety and reliability
URL: https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California State Board of Pharmacy (CSBP)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Medication safety
Type of Assistance: Regulates the practice of pharmacy to ensure safe medication use
URL: https://www.pharmacy.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California State Board of Registered Nursing (BRN)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Nursing care
Type of Assistance: Licenses and regulates nurses to ensure quality care
URL: https://www.rn.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California State Board of Occupational Therapy (CBOT)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Occupational therapy
Type of Assistance: Licenses and regulates occupational therapists
URL: https://www.cbott.org/
Agency/Organization: California State Board of Psychology (BOP)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Mental health services
Type of Assistance: Licenses and regulates psychologists
URL: https://www.bop.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Aging (CDA)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Elderly care
Type of Assistance: Provides services like meal programs, transportation, and caregiver support
URL: https://www.cdss.ca.gov/programs-services/aging-services
Agency/Organization: California Department of Developmental Services (DDS)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Developmental disabilities
Type of Assistance: Offers services like early intervention, regional centers, and family support
URL: https://www.dds.ca.gov/services/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Physical and mental disabilities
Type of Assistance: Provides vocational rehabilitation, employment services, and independent living support
URL: https://www.dor.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Children's Services (CCS)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Severe chronic illnesses in children
Type of Assistance: Offers medical care coordination, therapy services, and financial assistance
URL: https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/ccs/Pages/default.aspx
Agency/Organization: California Office of the Patient Advocate (OPA)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Healthcare quality and rights
Type of Assistance: Provides information on health care rights, complaint resolution, and health plan evaluations
URL: https://www.opa.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Public Health (CDPH)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Public health and safety
Type of Assistance: Offers programs like immunizations, disease control, and health education
URL: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Veterans Affairs (CalVet)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Veterans' health care
Type of Assistance: Provides health care services, mental health support, and long-term care for veterans
URL: https://calvet.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Office of Health Equity (OHE)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Health disparities
Type of Assistance: Works to eliminate health disparities and improve health outcomes for underserved communities
URL: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OPA/HealthEquity/Pages/default.aspx
Agency/Organization: California Poison Control System (CPCS)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Poisoning and toxic exposures
Type of Assistance: Provides emergency poison information and treatment advice
URL: https://www.calpoison.org/
Agency/Organization: California Breast Cancer Research Program (CBCRP)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Breast cancer
Type of Assistance: Funds research, education, and community outreach related to breast cancer
URL: https://www.ucsf.edu/programs/california-breast-cancer-research-program
Agency/Organization: California Office of AIDS (COA)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: HIV/AIDS
Type of Assistance: Provides services like medical care, housing assistance, and prevention programs
URL: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/ACCDIS/AIDSVigilant/Pages/default.aspx
Agency/Organization: California Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Program (CCDPCP)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Chronic diseases
Type of Assistance: Offers programs to prevent and control chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer
URL: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPH/ChronicDiseasePreventionandControl/Pages/default.aspx
Agency/Organization: California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Environmental health
Type of Assistance: Conducts risk assessments and provides information on environmental health hazards
URL: https://www.oehha.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Office of the State Fire Marshal (OSFM)
Medical Condition/Health Issue/Special Need: Fire safety and prevention
Type of Assistance: Provides fire safety education, inspections, and code enforcement
URL: https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Health Care Services (DHCS)
Provides Medi-Cal, a program offering free or low-cost health coverage for eligible California residents with disabilities
Offers comprehensive health services, including doctor visits, hospital stays, prescription medication, and preventative care
https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/medi-cal
Agency/Organization: In-Home Supportive Services (IHSS)
Helps people with disabilities remain safely at home instead of living in long-term care facilities
Provides services such as house cleaning, meal preparation, personal care, and paramedical services
https://www.cdss.ca.gov/in-home-supportive-services
Agency/Organization: Program for All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)
Offers medical and social services to people 55 years and older who qualify for nursing home care but can live at home with assistance
Coordinates medical care, community services, and home care services
https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/ltc/Pages/ProgramofAll-InclusiveCarefortheElderly.aspx
Agency/Organization: California Children's Services (CCS)
Provides diagnostic, treatment, and case management services for children with certain physical limitations and chronic health conditions
Offers specialized medical care, therapy services, and medical case management
https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/ccs
Agency/Organization: Medical Therapy Program (MTP)
Offers physical therapy, occupational therapy, and medical therapy services for children with physical limitations or conditions
Provides services in public schools and medical therapy units
https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/ccs/Pages/MTP.aspx
Agency/Organization: California Early Start Program
Provides services for infants and toddlers (up to age 3) with developmental delays or disabilities
Offers assessments, individualized family service plans, and early intervention services
https://www.dds.ca.gov/services/early-start/
Agency/Organization: California's Regional Centers
Offer services and support for individuals with developmental disabilities
Provide early intervention, behavioral therapies, respite care, and family support
Agency/Organization: Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
Provides cash assistance to individuals with disabilities who have limited income and resources
Offers financial support for basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter
https://www.ssa.gov/benefits/ssi/
Agency/Organization: CalABLE
Allows individuals with disabilities to save money without risking eligibility for government benefits
Provides tax-free savings accounts for qualified disability expenses
Agency/Organization: Assisted Living Waiver (ALW)
Pays for assisted living, care coordination, and other benefits for eligible seniors and persons with disabilities
Available in specific California counties
https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/ltc/Pages/AssistedLivingWaiver.aspx
Agency/Organization: Home and Community-Based Alternatives (HCBA) Waiver
Provides services to help individuals with disabilities live safely at home or in community settings
Offers case management, personal care services, and home modifications
https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/ltc/Pages/Home-and-Community-Based-(HCB)-Alternatives-Waiver.aspx
Agency/Organization: Multipurpose Senior Services Program (MSSP)
Provides social and health care management for frail elderly individuals
Helps seniors remain in their homes as an alternative to nursing home placement
https://www.aging.ca.gov/Programs_and_Services/Multipurpose_Senior_Services_Program/
Agency/Organization: Self-Determination Program (SDP)
Allows individuals with developmental disabilities more control over their services and supports
Provides participants with an individual budget to purchase services that meet their needs
https://www.dds.ca.gov/initiatives/sdp/
Agency/Organization: Medical Baseline Program
Offers additional allocations of electricity or natural gas for people with qualifying medical conditions
Provides discounts on utility bills for those who require additional energy due to medical needs
https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/consumer-support/financial-assistance-savings-and-discounts/medical-baseline
Agency/Organization: California LifeLine Program
Provides discounts on telephone and cellular service for eligible individuals
Offers reduced rates for communication services to low-income households
https://www.californialifeline.com/
Agency/Organization: Affordable Connectivity Program
Offers discounts on internet service for eligible households
Provides reduced-cost broadband access to low-income families
Agency/Organization: California State Parks Disabled Discount Pass
Grants a 50% discount on basic facilities at California State Parks for individuals with disabilities
Includes discounts on vehicle day use, family camping, and boat use fees
https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=29816
Agency/Organization: Medi-Cal
Medical condition/need: Various, including low-income individuals, families, elderly, disabled, pregnant women, and those with specific diseases
Type of assistance: No- or low-cost health care coverage, including primary care, immunizations, physicals, pregnancy care, dental care, mental health care, substance abuse treatment, vision care, and pharmacy services
URL: https://www.coveredca.com/health/medi-cal/
California Healthy Families (SCHIP)
Medical condition/need: Children and teens without insurance who don't qualify for free Medi-Cal
Type of assistance: Low-cost health, dental, and vision coverage
URL: https://ha.saccounty.gov/benefits/medi-cal/Pages/Medi-Cal.aspx
Agency/Organization: County Medically Indigent Services Program (CMISP)
Medical condition/need: Eligible indigents who are residents of Sacramento County
Type of assistance: Medically necessary care for those who don't have or aren't eligible for other health care coverage
URL: https://ha.saccounty.gov/benefits/medi-cal/Pages/Medi-Cal.aspx
Agency/Organization: Covered California
Medical condition/need: Individuals and families whose income is too high for Medi-Cal but below 400% of the Federal Poverty Level
Type of assistance: Health insurance marketplace to compare and purchase health plans, with financial assistance available
URL: https://www.coveredca.com/health/medi-cal/
Agency/Organization: CalFresh
Medical condition/need: Low-income individuals and families
Type of assistance: Food assistance program (formerly known as food stamps)
Agency/Organization: Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and State Supplementary Payment (SSP)
Medical condition/need: Blind, over 65, or disabled adults
Type of assistance: Supplemental income provided monthly
Agency/Organization: CalWorks
Medical condition/need: Families with children
Type of assistance: Cash assistance for food, housing, and other needs
Agency/Organization: 250% California Working Disabled (CWD) Program
Medical condition/need: Working individuals with disabilities
Type of assistance: Full Medi-Cal coverage with $0 monthly premium
URL: https://cahealthadvocates.org/low-income-help/medi-cal-for-people-with-medicare/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Public Health (CDPH):
Provides a wide range of health services, including disease prevention, health promotion, and public health emergencies.
Agency/Organization: California Department of Health Care Services (DHCS):
Administers Medi-Cal, the state's Medicaid program, providing health coverage to low-income Californians, including those with disabilities.
Agency/Organization: Department of Developmental Services (DDS):
Provides services and support to individuals with developmental disabilities, such as autism, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disability.
Agency/Organization: Disability Rights California (DRC):
A nonprofit organization that advocates for the rights of people with disabilities.
URL: https://www.disabilityrightsca.org/
Agency/Organization: County Mental Health Departments:
Offer a variety of mental health services, including therapy, medication management, and crisis intervention.
URL: https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/individuals/Pages/MHPContactList.aspx
Agency/Organization: Developmental Disabilities Regional Center:
Provides services and support to individuals with developmental disabilities.
URL: https://www.dds.ca.gov/rc/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR):
Provides vocational rehabilitation services to people with vision impairments.
URL: https://www.dor.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California State Library - Talking Book and Braille Center:
Provides books and other materials in accessible formats.
URL: https://www.library.ca.gov/services/talking-book-and-braille-library/
Agency/Organization: California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR):
Provides vocational rehabilitation services to people with hearing impairments.
URL: https://www.dor.ca.gov/
Agency/Organization: California Relay Service:
Provides telecommunications relay services for people who are deaf, hard of hearing, deaf-blind, or speech-disabled.
URL: https://ddtp.cpuc.ca.gov/default1.aspx?id=1482
Agency/Organization: California Chronic Care Initiative:
Supports programs that improve the quality of care for people with chronic conditions.
URL: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPH/ChronicDiseasePreventionandControl/Pages/default.aspx
Agency/Organization: County Alcohol and Drug Programs:
Offer a variety of substance use disorder treatment services.
URL: https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/individuals/Pages/SUD_County_Access_Lines.aspx
Agency/Organization: AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP):
Provides medications and other services to people with HIV/AIDS.
URL: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/ACCDIS/AIDSVigilant/Pages/default.aspx
Support and assistance provided by Texas for people with medical conditions, health issues, and/or special needs:
• Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC)
• Various medical conditions and special needs
• Oversees health and human services programs, provides administrative oversight and direct administration of some programs
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/
• Department of Aging and Disability Services (DADS)
• Disabilities and aging-related needs
• Provides long-term services and supports for people with disabilities and the elderly
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/
• Department of Assistive and Rehabilitative Services (DARS)
• Disabilities, developmental delays, deaf-blind conditions
• Administers programs for people with disabilities, children with developmental delays, vocational rehabilitation, and early childhood intervention
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/
• Department of State Health Services (DSHS)
• Various health conditions, including children with special health care needs and mental health issues
• Improves health and well-being in Texas
• https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/
• Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS)
• Vulnerable populations including children, elderly, and people with disabilities
• Protects vulnerable individuals from abuse, neglect, and exploitation
• https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/
• Medicaid
• Low-income individuals with various health conditions
• Provides medical coverage and pays for health care expenses
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip
• Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)
• Children from low-income families
• Provides health insurance for children
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip
• Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
• Low-income individuals and families
• Provides food benefits to help purchase nutritious food
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/financial/snap-food-benefits
• Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
• Low-income families with children
• Provides cash assistance to help pay for basic living needs
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/financial/cash/tanf-cash-help
• Healthy Texas Women
• Women aged 15-44 with low income
• Provides women's health and family planning services
• https://www.healthytexaswomen.org/
• Medicaid for Breast and Cervical Cancer
• Women with breast or cervical cancer
• Provides Medicaid coverage for treatment
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/women/medicaid-breast-cervical-cancer
• Former Foster Care Children's Program
• Former foster care youth aged 18-25
• Provides Medicaid coverage
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/children-families/former-foster-care-childrens-program
• Medicaid Buy-In Program
• People with disabilities who work
• Offers low-cost Medicaid health care services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/children-families/medicaid-buy-adults
• Community Based Alternatives (CBA)
• Adults 21 or older who meet medical necessity for nursing home care
• Provides community-based services as an alternative to nursing home care
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/community-based-alternatives
• Community Living Assistance and Support Services (CLASS)
• All ages with related conditions manifested before age 22
• Provides home and community-based services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care
• Deaf Blind with Multiple Disabilities (DBMD)
• All ages who are deaf-blind with multiple disabilities
• Provides home and community-based services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-blind-multiple-disabilities-dbmd-program
• Home and Community-based Services (HCS)
• All ages with intellectual disabilities or related conditions
• Provides individualized services and supports
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care• Medically Dependent Children's Program (MDCP)
• Children under 21 who are medically dependent
• Provides respite care and other support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/medically-dependent-children-program
• STAR+PLUS
• Adults 21 or older with disabilities
• Provides acute care and long-term services and supports
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/starplus
• Texas Home Living (TxHmL)
• All ages with intellectual disabilities or related conditions
• Provides selected essential services and supports
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care
• Early Childhood Intervention (ECI)
• Children from birth to 36 months with developmental delays or disabilities
• Provides early intervention services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/early-childhood-intervention-services
• Children's Autism Program (CAP)
• Children aged 3-15 with autism spectrum disorder
• Provides autism treatment services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/autism
• Office of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Services
• Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing
• Provides resources, services, and communication access assistance
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-hard-hearing
• Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services
• Individuals with traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury
• Provides rehabilitation services to increase independence
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/comprehensive-rehabilitation-services-crs
• Consumer Directed Services
• Individuals with various disabilities
• Allows individuals to manage their own care and support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/consumer-directed-services
• Independent Living Services
• Individuals with significant disabilities
• Provides services to help people live independently in their communities
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/independent-living-services
• Office of Disability Prevention for Children
• Children at risk of developing disabilities
• Provides prevention and early intervention services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/office-disability-prevention-children
• Health Insurance Premium Payment (HIPP) Program
• Families with a Medicaid-eligible member
• Helps pay for employer-sponsored health insurance premiums
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/financial/health-insurance-premium-payment-hipp-program
• Repatriation Program
• U.S. citizens returning from foreign countries due to crisis
• Provides loans to help with basic needs
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/financial/emergency-financial-help/repatriation-assistance
• Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) Vocational Rehabilitation Services
• Individuals with disabilities
• Provides employment services and support to help people with disabilities prepare for, find, and keep jobs
• https://www.twc.texas.gov/programs/vocational-rehabilitation-program-overview
• Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired (TSBVI)
• Students who are blind, visually impaired, or deafblind
• Provides specialized educational services and resources
• https://www.tsbvi.edu/
• Texas School for the Deaf (TSD)
• Students who are deaf or hard of hearing
• Offers educational programs and support services
• https://www.tsd.state.tx.us/
• Texas Autism Research and Resource Center (TARRC)
• Individuals with autism spectrum disorders and their families
• Provides information, resources, and research on autism
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/autism/texas-autism-research-resource-center
• Blind Children's Vocational Discovery and Development Program
• Children who are blind or visually impaired
• Offers services to help children develop skills for future employment and independence
• https://www.twc.texas.gov/programs/blind-childrens-vocational-discovery-development-program-overview
• Specialized Telecommunications Assistance Program (STAP)
• Individuals with disabilities affecting their ability to access telephone networks
• Provides financial assistance for specialized telecommunications equipment
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-hard-hearing/specialized-telecommunications-assistance-program-stap
• Kidney Health Care Program
• Individuals with end-stage renal disease
• Assists with medical expenses related to kidney disease treatment
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/kidney-health-care-program
• Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program
• Children with special health care needs and people of any age with cystic fibrosis
• Provides medical, dental, and case management services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/children-special-health-care-needs-program
• Epilepsy Program
• Individuals with epilepsy or seizure disorders
• Offers case management, education, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/epilepsy-program
• Hemophilia Assistance Program
• Individuals with hemophilia
• Provides financial assistance for blood factor replacement products
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hemophilia-program
• Spinal Cord Injury Registry
• Individuals with spinal cord injuries
• Collects data and provides information on spinal cord injury resources
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/spinal-cord-injury-registry
• Traumatic Brain Injury Advisory Council
• Individuals with traumatic brain injuries and their families
• Advises on policies and services for people with traumatic brain injuries
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/about/leadership/advisory-committees/traumatic-brain-injury-advisory-council
• Newborn Screening Program
• Newborns and infants
• Screens for certain genetic and metabolic conditions
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/newborn-screening-program
• Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch
• Children born with birth defects
• Monitors and researches birth defects in Texas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/birth-defects-epidemiology-and-surveillance-branch
• Sickle Cell Program
• Individuals with sickle cell disease
• Provides education, screening, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/sickle-cell-program
• Texas Primary Care Office
• Underserved populations with various health needs
• Works to improve access to primary care services in underserved areas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-primary-care-office
• Texas HIV Medication Program
• Individuals living with HIV/AIDS
• Provides medications to treat HIV and prevent opportunistic infections
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program/texas-hiv-medication-program
• Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program
• Individuals at risk for or diagnosed with tuberculosis
• Provides prevention, control, and treatment services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/tuberculosis-prevention-and-control-program
• Immunization Unit
• All Texans, with a focus on children and at-risk populations
• Provides immunizations and education to prevent vaccine-preventable diseases
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunize
• Texas Health Steps
• Children and young adults on Medicaid
• Provides medical and dental checkups and care
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/texas-health-steps
• Family Violence Program
• Survivors of family violence, including those with disabilities
• Provides shelter, support services, and prevention programs
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/safety/family-violence-program
• Aging and Disability Resource Centers (ADRCs)
• Older adults, people with disabilities, and their caregivers
• Provides information, referrals, and assistance in accessing long-term services and supports
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/long-term-care/aging-disability-resource-center
• Area Agencies on Aging
• Adults aged 60 and older
• Provides various services including nutrition, transportation, and caregiver support
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/area-agencies-aging
• State Long-Term Care Ombudsman Program
• Residents of nursing homes and assisted living facilities
• Advocates for residents' rights and quality of care
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/long-term-care-ombudsman• Texas Lifespan Respite Care Program
• Family caregivers of individuals with disabilities or chronic health conditions
• Provides respite care services to give caregivers a break
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/lifespan-respite-care-program
• Texas Diabetes Council
• Individuals with or at risk for diabetes
• Provides education, prevention, and management resources for diabetes
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-diabetes-council
• Asthma Control Program
• Individuals with asthma
• Offers education and resources for asthma management
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/asthma-control-program
• Heart Disease and Stroke Program
• Individuals at risk for or with heart disease and stroke
• Provides prevention and management resources
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/heart-disease-and-stroke-program
• Obesity Prevention Program
• Individuals at risk for or with obesity
• Offers resources and initiatives to promote healthy weight
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/obesity-prevention-program
• Texas Cancer Registry
• Individuals affected by cancer
• Collects and provides data on cancer incidence in Texas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-cancer-registry
• Breast and Cervical Cancer Services (BCCS)
• Women at risk for breast or cervical cancer
• Provides screening and diagnostic services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/breast-and-cervical-cancer-services
• Oral Health Program
• Individuals with oral health needs
• Promotes oral health through education and prevention programs
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/oral-health-program
• Alzheimer's Disease Program
• Individuals with Alzheimer's and their caregivers
• Provides information, resources, and support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/alzheimers-disease
• Guardianship Services
• Incapacitated adults who need protection
• Provides guardianship services to protect vulnerable adults
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/guardianship
• Adult Protective Services
• Vulnerable adults, including those with disabilities
• Investigates abuse, neglect, and exploitation of adults
• https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Adult_Protection/
• Deaf and Hard of Hearing Driver Identification Program
• Drivers who are deaf or hard of hearing
• Provides special identification cards for communication during traffic stops
• https://www.dps.texas.gov/section/driver-license/deaf-driver-program
• Special Needs Offender Program
• Offenders with special medical or mental health needs
• Provides specialized care and services within the criminal justice system
• https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/divisions/cmhc/index.html
• Texas Workforce Commission Disability Determination Services
• Individuals applying for Social Security Disability benefits
• Determines medical eligibility for disability benefits
• https://www.twc.texas.gov/programs/disability-determination-services-program-overview
• Texas Technology Access Program (TTAP)
• Individuals with disabilities needing assistive technology
• Provides information and access to assistive technology devices
• https://tatp.edb.utexas.edu/
• Specialized Skills Training
• Children with developmental delays or disabilities
• Provides training to help children develop skills and reach developmental milestones
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/early-childhood-intervention-services/specialized-skills-training
• Blind Children's Program
• Children who are blind or visually impaired
• Offers services to help children develop independence and prepare for adult life
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/blind-visually-impaired/blind-childrens-program
• Deaf and Hard of Hearing Services
• Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing
• Provides communication access services and resources
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-hard-hearing
• Texas Talking Book Program
• Individuals who cannot read standard print due to visual or physical disabilities
• Provides free library services, including audio and braille books
• https://www.tsl.texas.gov/tbp/index.html• Children's Mental Health Services
• Children and youth with mental health needs
• Offers mental health services and support
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/childrens-mental-health
• Adult Mental Health Services
• Adults with mental health needs
• Provides mental health services and support
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/adult-mental-health
• Substance Use Services
• Individuals with substance use disorders
• Offers prevention, intervention, and treatment services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/substance-use-services
• YES Waiver (Youth Empowerment Services)
• Children and youth with serious emotional disturbances
• Provides community-based services and supports
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/childrens-mental-health/yes-waiver
• Preadmission Screening and Resident Review (PASRR)
• Individuals with mental illness or intellectual disabilities seeking nursing facility admission
• Ensures appropriate placement and services in nursing facilities
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care/preadmission-screening-resident-review-pasrr
• Promoting Independence Initiative
• Individuals with disabilities in institutions who want to transition to community living
• Helps people move from institutions to community-based settings
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/promoting-independence
• Money Follows the Person Demonstration
• Individuals transitioning from institutions to community living
• Provides additional supports for community transitions
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/money-follows-person-demonstration
• Deaf-Blind Services
• Individuals who are deaf-blind
• Offers specialized services and support
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-blind-services
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Program
• Individuals affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
• Provides education, resources, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/fasd
• Spina Bifida Program
• Individuals with spina bifida
• Offers medical, educational, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/spina-bifida-program
• Muscular Dystrophy Program
• Individuals with muscular dystrophy
• Provides medical services and support
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/muscular-dystrophy-program
• Cystic Fibrosis Program
• Individuals with cystic fibrosis
• Offers medical services and support
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/cystic-fibrosis-program
• Genetics Services Program
• Individuals with genetic disorders or at risk for genetic conditions
• Provides genetic testing, counseling, and education
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/genetics-services-program
• Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
• Pregnant women, new mothers, infants, and young children with nutritional needs
• Provides nutritious foods, nutrition education, and health care referrals
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/wic
• Texas Health Care Information Collection
• All Texans seeking health care information
• Collects and disseminates health care data to improve quality and contain costs
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/thcic
• Refugee Health Program
• Newly arrived refugees with health needs
• Provides health screenings and referrals for refugees
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/refugee-health-program
• Texas Brain Injury Programs
• Individuals with traumatic brain injuries
• Provides rehabilitation services and support
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/brain-injury-services
• Deaf-Blind Multiple Disabilities Waiver Program
• Individuals who are deaf-blind with multiple disabilities
• Offers home and community-based services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-blind-multiple-disabilities-dbmd-program
• Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) Waiver Program
• Adults with acquired brain injuries
• Provides home and community-based services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/acquired-brain-injury-abi-waiver-program
• Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD) Services
• Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities
• Offers various support services and programs
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care
• Youth Empowerment Services (YES) Waiver
• Children and adolescents with serious emotional disturbances
• Provides comprehensive home and community-based mental health services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/childrens-mental-health/yes-waiver
• Autism Program
• Children and adults with autism spectrum disorders
• Offers diagnostic, treatment, and support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/autism
• Blind and Visually Impaired Services
• Individuals who are blind or visually impaired
• Provides rehabilitation and employment services
• https://www.twc.texas.gov/programs/blind-services-program-overview
• Deaf and Hard of Hearing Services
• Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing
• Offers communication access and support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-hard-hearing
• Specialized Telecommunications Assistance Program (STAP)
• Individuals with disabilities affecting telephone use
• Provides financial assistance for specialized telecommunications equipment
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-hard-hearing/specialized-telecommunications-assistance-program-stap
• Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services (CRS)
• Individuals with traumatic brain or spinal cord injuries
• Offers intensive rehabilitation services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/comprehensive-rehabilitation-services-crs
• Independent Living Services
• Individuals with significant disabilities
• Provides services to support independent living
• https://www.twc.texas.gov/programs/independent-living-services-program-overview
• Medicaid Buy-In for Children
• Children with disabilities
• Allows families to buy Medicaid coverage for their children with disabilities
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/children-families/medicaid-buy-children
• Personal Care Services (PCS)
• Medicaid recipients who need assistance with daily living activities
• Provides in-home assistance with daily tasks
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/personal-care-services
• Primary Home Care (PHC)
• Medicaid recipients who need assistance with daily living activities
• Offers in-home assistance with daily tasks
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/long-term-care/primary-home-care
• Community Attendant Services (CAS)
• Low-income individuals with disabilities
• Provides in-home assistance with daily tasks
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/long-term-care/community-attendant-services
• Day Activity and Health Services (DAHS)
• Adults with disabilities or chronic health conditions
• Offers daytime care and health services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/day-activity-health-services
• Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)
• Adults 55 and older who qualify for nursing home care
• Provides comprehensive medical and social services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/starplus/programs/program-all-inclusive-care-elderly-pace
• Nursing Facility Services
• Individuals who require 24-hour skilled nursing care
• Provides residential care and medical services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/long-term-care/nursing-facility-services
• Hospice Services
• Individuals with terminal illnesses
• Offers end-of-life care and support
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/hospice
• Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ICF/IID)
• Individuals with intellectual disabilities
• Provides residential care and habilitation services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care/intermediate-care-facilities-individuals-intellectual-disability-or-related-conditions-icfiid
• State Supported Living Centers
• Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities
• Offers residential care and comprehensive services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care/state-supported-living-centers-sslcs
• Home and Community-based Services-Adult Mental Health (HCBS-AMH)
• Adults with serious mental illness
• Provides home and community-based services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/adult-mental-health/home-community-based-services-adult-mental-health
• Mental Health Targeted Case Management
• Individuals with mental health conditions
• Offers coordination of mental health services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-targeted-case-management
• Mental Health Rehabilitative Services
• Individuals with mental health conditions
• Provides skills training and psychosocial rehabilitative services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-rehabilitative-services
• Outpatient Competency Restoration
• Individuals found incompetent to stand trial
• Offers mental health treatment to restore competency
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-crisis-services/outpatient-competency-restoration
• Preadmission Screening and Resident Review (PASRR)
• Individuals with mental illness or intellectual disabilities seeking nursing facility admission
• Ensures appropriate placement and services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care/preadmission-screening-resident-review-pasrr
• Substance Use Disorder Services
• Individuals with substance use disorders
• Provides prevention, intervention, and treatment services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/substance-use-services
• Opioid Treatment Services
• Individuals with opioid use disorders
• Offers medication-assisted treatment and counseling
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/substance-use-services/opioid-treatment-services
• HIV Services
• Individuals living with HIV/AIDS
• Provides medical care, medication assistance, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program
• STD Services
• Individuals at risk for or diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases
• Offers testing, treatment, and prevention services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program
• Tuberculosis Services
• Individuals at risk for or diagnosed with tuberculosis
• Provides screening, treatment, and prevention services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/tuberculosis-prevention-and-control-program
• Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Program
• Individuals with Hansen's disease
• Offers medical care and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hansens-disease-program
• Epilepsy Services
• Individuals with epilepsy
• Provides medical care, education, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/epilepsy-program
• Hemophilia Assistance Program
• Individuals with hemophilia
• Offers financial assistance for blood factor products
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hemophilia-program
• Kidney Health Care Program
• Individuals with end-stage renal disease
• Provides financial assistance for medical care and medications
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/kidney-health-care-program
• Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program
• Children with special health care needs and people of any age with cystic fibrosis
• Offers medical care, case management, and family support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/children-special-health-care-needs-program
• Newborn Screening Program
• Newborn infants
• Provides screening for certain genetic and congenital disorders
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/newborn-screening-program
• Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch
• Infants born with birth defects
• Monitors and researches birth defects in Texas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/birth-defects-epidemiology-and-surveillance-branch
• Texas Medicaid Wellness Program
• Medicaid recipients with chronic health conditions
• Provides health coaching and disease management services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/texas-medicaid-wellness-program
• Medical Transportation Program
• Medicaid recipients who need transportation to medical appointments
• Offers non-emergency medical transportation services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/medical-transportation-program
• Texas Health Steps
• Children and young adults on Medicaid
• Provides preventive health care services and screenings
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/texas-health-steps
• Case Management for Children and Pregnant Women
• Medicaid-eligible children with health conditions and high-risk pregnant women
• Offers case management services to coordinate care
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/case-management-children-pregnant-women
• Comprehensive Care Program (CCP)
• Children and young adults on Medicaid with complex medical needs
• Provides specialized and intensive medical services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/comprehensive-care-program-ccp
• School Health and Related Services (SHARS)
• Medicaid-eligible students with disabilities
• Offers health-related services in school settings
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/school-health-related-services-shars
• Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment (EPSDT)
• Medicaid-eligible children and young adults under 21
• Provides comprehensive preventive health care services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/early-periodic-screening-diagnosis-treatment
• Texas Vendor Drug Program
• Medicaid recipients who need prescription medications
• Manages prescription drug benefits for Medicaid recipients
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/provider-information/texas-vendor-drug-program
• Medicaid for Breast and Cervical Cancer
• Women diagnosed with breast or cervical cancer
• Provides Medicaid coverage for cancer treatment
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/women/medicaid-breast-cervical-cancer
• Family Planning Program
• Low-income individuals needing family planning services
• Offers reproductive health services and contraception
• https://www.healthytexaswomen.org/healthcare-programs/family-planning-program
• Healthy Texas Women
• Low-income women ages 15-44
• Provides women's health and family planning services
• https://www.healthytexaswomen.org/
• Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program
• Pregnant women, new mothers, infants, and young children
• Offers nutrition education, healthy foods, and health care referrals
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/wic
• Texas HIV Medication Program
• Individuals living with HIV/AIDS
• Provides medications for HIV treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program/texas-hiv-medication-program
• HIV/STD Prevention Program
• Individuals at risk for HIV and sexually transmitted diseases
• Offers prevention education, testing, and linkage to care services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program
• Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program
• Individuals at risk for or diagnosed with tuberculosis
• Provides screening, treatment, and prevention services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/tuberculosis-prevention-and-control-program
• Immunization Program
• All Texans, with a focus on children and at-risk populations
• Offers vaccines and immunization services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunize
• Texas Cancer Registry
• Individuals affected by cancer
• Collects and provides data on cancer incidence in Texas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-cancer-registry
• Breast and Cervical Cancer Services (BCCS)
• Low-income women needing breast and cervical cancer screenings
• Provides cancer screenings and diagnostic services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/breast-and-cervical-cancer-services
• Oral Health Program
• Texans with oral health needs
• Offers dental public health services and education
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/oral-health-program
• Obesity Prevention Program
• Texans at risk for obesity-related health issues
• Provides resources and initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/obesity-prevention-program
• Heart Disease and Stroke Program
• Individuals at risk for heart disease and stroke
• Offers prevention and management resources
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/heart-disease-and-stroke-program
• Diabetes Prevention and Control Program
• Individuals at risk for or diagnosed with diabetes
• Provides education and resources for diabetes management
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/diabetes
• Asthma Control Program
• Individuals with asthma
• Offers education and resources for asthma management
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/asthma-control-program
• Alzheimer's Disease Program
• Individuals with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers
• Provides information, resources, and support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/alzheimers-disease
• Epilepsy Services
• Individuals with epilepsy
• Offers medical care, education, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/epilepsy-program
• Sickle Cell Program
• Individuals with sickle cell disease
• Provides education, screening, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/sickle-cell-program
• Hemophilia Assistance Program
• Individuals with hemophilia
• Offers financial assistance for blood factor products
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hemophilia-program
• Spinal Cord Injury and Traumatic Brain Injury Registry
• Individuals with spinal cord or traumatic brain injuries
• Collects data and provides information on resources
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/spinal-cord-injury-registry
• Genetics Services Program
• Individuals with genetic disorders or at risk for genetic conditions
• Provides genetic testing, counseling, and education
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/genetics-services-program
• Newborn Screening Program
• Newborn infants
• Screens for certain genetic and metabolic conditions
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/newborn-screening-program
• Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch
• Infants born with birth defects
• Monitors and researches birth defects in Texas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/birth-defects-epidemiology-and-surveillance-branch
• Blind Children's Program
• Children who are blind or visually impaired
• Provides services to help children develop independence
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/blind-visually-impaired/blind-childrens-program
• Texas Nurse-Family Partnership Program
• First-time, low-income mothers
• Provides home visits by nurses during pregnancy and early childhood
• https://www.texasnfp.org/
• Healthy Texas Babies
• Pregnant women and new mothers
• Offers education and resources to reduce infant mortality
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/healthy-texas-babies
• Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Services
• Women, infants, children, adolescents, and children with special health care needs
• Provides various health services and support programs
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch
• Texas Home Visiting Program
• Families with young children
• Offers home-based parent education and support services
• https://www.texashomevisiting.org/
• Perinatal Advisory Council
• Pregnant women and newborns
• Advises on improving maternal and neonatal outcomes
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch/perinatal-advisory-council
• Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Review Committee
• Women experiencing pregnancy-related complications or death
• Reviews cases to improve maternal health outcomes
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch/maternal-mortality-and-morbidity-review-committee
• Texas Health Steps Online Provider Education
• Health care providers serving children and youth
• Offers free online continuing education courses
• https://www.txhealthsteps.com/
• Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Perinatal
• Pregnant women who don't qualify for Medicaid
• Provides prenatal care and delivery services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/children-families/chip-perinatal
• Postpartum Depression Screening
• New mothers
• Offers screening and referral for postpartum depression
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch/postpartum-depression
• Texas Ten Step Program
• Mothers and newborns in hospitals
• Promotes breastfeeding-friendly hospital practices
• https://texastenstep.org/
• Texas Mother-Friendly Worksite Program
• Working mothers who are breastfeeding
• Recognizes employers who support breastfeeding employees
• https://texasmotherfriendly.org/
• Texas Lactation Support Hotline
• Breastfeeding mothers
• Provides 24/7 breastfeeding support and information
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/breastfeeding
• Zika Prevention
• Pregnant women and those planning pregnancy
• Offers education and resources to prevent Zika virus infection
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/zika• Texas Youth Action Network
• Youth with special health care needs
• Provides leadership opportunities and support for youth transition
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch/texas-youth-action-network
• Children's Mental Health Awareness
• Children and youth with mental health needs
• Promotes awareness and access to mental health services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/childrens-mental-health
• Texas System of Care
• Children and youth with serious emotional disturbances
• Coordinates mental health services across multiple systems
• https://txsystemofcare.org/
• Texas Child Health Access Through Telemedicine (TCHATT)
• School-age children with mental health needs
• Provides telemedicine-based mental health services in schools
• https://www.utsystem.edu/tchatt
• Suicide Prevention Program
• Individuals at risk for suicide
• Offers prevention, intervention, and postvention services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/suicide-prevention
• Mental Health First Aid
• General public
• Provides training to recognize and respond to mental health crises
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-first-aid
• Disaster Behavioral Health Services
• Individuals affected by disasters
• Offers mental health support during and after disasters
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/disaster-behavioral-health-services
• Veteran Services
• Veterans with mental health or substance use issues
• Provides specialized services for veterans and their families
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/veteran-services
• Recovery Support Services
• Individuals in recovery from substance use disorders
• Offers peer support and other recovery-oriented services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/substance-use-services/recovery-support-services
• Outreach, Screening, Assessment, and Referral (OSAR) Centers
• Individuals seeking substance use treatment
• Provides screening and referral to appropriate treatment services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/substance-use-services/outreach-screening-assessment-referral-centers
• Texas Targeted Opioid Response (TTOR)
• Individuals affected by opioid use disorders
• Offers prevention, treatment, and recovery support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/substance-use-services/texas-targeted-opioid-response
• Pregnant and Parenting Intervention (PPI) Program
• Pregnant and parenting women with substance use disorders
• Provides specialized treatment and support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/substance-use-services/pregnant-parenting-intervention-ppi-program
• Youth Prevention Programs
• Youth at risk for substance use
• Offers evidence-based prevention programs in schools and communities
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/substance-use-services/youth-prevention-programs
• Tobacco Prevention and Control Program
• Individuals who use tobacco products
• Provides education, prevention, and cessation services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/tobacco
• Quitline Services
• Individuals trying to quit tobacco use
• Offers free counseling and resources for quitting tobacco
• https://www.yesquit.org/
• E-Cigarette and Vaping Prevention
• Youth and young adults
• Provides education and resources to prevent e-cigarette use
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/tobacco/e-cigarettes
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) Program
• Individuals affected by prenatal alcohol exposure
• Offers education, screening, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/fasd
• Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) Initiative
• Infants born with drug withdrawal symptoms
• Provides resources and support for affected infants and families
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome-nas-initiative
• Texas Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP)
• Patients and healthcare providers
• Tracks controlled substance prescriptions to prevent misuse
• https://www.pharmacy.texas.gov/pmp/
• Overdose Prevention Program
• Individuals at risk for drug overdose
• Provides education and resources to prevent overdose deaths
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/overdose-prevention
• Naloxone Distribution Program
• Individuals at risk for opioid overdose
• Distributes naloxone to reverse opioid overdoses
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/naloxone
• HIV/STD Testing Sites
• Individuals seeking HIV or STD testing
• Provides free or low-cost testing services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program/hiv-std-testing-sites
• PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) Services
• Individuals at high risk for HIV infection
• Offers medication and services to prevent HIV infection
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program/prep-pre-exposure-prophylaxis
• HIV Care Services
• Individuals living with HIV/AIDS
• Provides medical care, case management, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program/hiv-care-services
• AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP)
• Low-income individuals living with HIV/AIDS
• Provides HIV-related medications to uninsured and underinsured individuals
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program/texas-hiv-medication-program
• HIV/STD Prevention Program
• Individuals at risk for HIV and STDs
• Offers education, testing, and prevention services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program
• Tuberculosis Elimination Program
• Individuals at risk for or diagnosed with tuberculosis
• Provides screening, treatment, and prevention services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/tuberculosis-prevention-and-control-program
• Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Program
• Individuals with Hansen's disease
• Offers medical care and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hansens-disease-program
• Refugee Health Program
• Newly arrived refugees
• Provides health screenings and referrals for refugees
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/refugee-health-program
• Border Health Program
• Residents of Texas-Mexico border communities
• Addresses unique health issues in border regions
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/border-health
• Office of Border Public Health
• Residents of Texas-Mexico border communities
• Coordinates public health efforts in border regions
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/office-border-public-health
• Binational Health Services
• Residents of Texas-Mexico border communities
• Facilitates cross-border health collaborations
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/border-health/binational-health-services
• Texas Primary Care Office
• Underserved populations
• Works to improve access to primary care in underserved areas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-primary-care-office
• Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSA) Designations
• Underserved communities
• Identifies areas with shortages of primary care, dental, and mental health providers
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-primary-care-office/health-professional-shortage-areas-hpsa-designations
• J-1 Visa Waiver Program
• Underserved communities
• Helps place foreign medical graduates in underserved areas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-primary-care-office/j-1-visa-waiver-program
• Texas Health Care Information Collection (THCIC)
• All Texans seeking health care information
• Collects and disseminates data on health care charges, utilization, and quality
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/thcic
• Texas Health Data
• Researchers, policymakers, and the public
• Provides access to various health-related datasets and statistics
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-health-data
• Center for Health Statistics
• Researchers, policymakers, and the public
• Collects, analyzes, and disseminates health-related data
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/center-health-statistics
• Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
• Adults in Texas
• Conducts health-related telephone surveys to monitor health behaviors
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/behavioral-risk-factor-surveillance-system
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
• Middle and high school students
• Monitors health-risk behaviors among youth
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/youth-risk-behavior-surveillance-system-yrbss
• Texas Health Indicators
• Policymakers and the public
• Provides data on various health indicators across the state
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-health-indicators
• Environmental Health Tracking Network
• Texans concerned about environmental health
• Provides data on environmental hazards and related health effects
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/environmental-health-tracking-network
• Harmful Algal Bloom Surveillance
• Individuals exposed to harmful algal blooms
• Monitors and provides information on harmful algal blooms
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/harmful-algal-bloom-surveillance
• Texas Syndromic Surveillance
• Public health officials
• Monitors emergency department visits for early detection of disease outbreaks
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/syndromic-surveillance
• Foodborne Illness Complaint System
• Individuals who suspect they have foodborne illness
• Investigates complaints related to foodborne illnesses
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/foodborne-illness-complaint-system
• Zoonosis Control
• Individuals at risk of diseases transmitted from animals to humans
• Provides prevention and control measures for zoonotic diseases
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/zoonosis-control
• Rabies Prevention Program
• Individuals exposed to potentially rabid animals
• Offers rabies prevention and control services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/rabies-prevention-program
• Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases Unit
• Individuals at risk of vector-borne diseases
• Monitors and provides information on diseases transmitted by insects and animals
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/vector-borne-and-zoonotic-diseases-unit
• Arbovirus Surveillance Program
• Individuals at risk of mosquito-borne diseases
• Monitors and provides information on mosquito-borne diseases
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/arbovirus-surveillance-program
• Chagas Disease Program
• Individuals at risk of Chagas disease
• Provides education and resources on Chagas disease prevention and control
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/chagas-disease-program
• Emerging and Acute Infectious Disease Unit
• Individuals at risk of infectious diseases
• Investigates and controls outbreaks of infectious diseases
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/emerging-and-acute-infectious-disease-unit
• Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit
• Patients and healthcare providers
• Works to prevent healthcare-associated infections and combat antibiotic resistance
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/healthcare-associated-infections-and-antimicrobial-resistance-unit
• Immunization Unit
• All Texans, especially children and at-risk populations
• Provides immunization services and education
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunize
• Texas Vaccines for Children Program
• Eligible children 18 years and younger
• Provides low-cost vaccines to eligible children
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunize/tvfc
• Adult Safety Net Program
• Uninsured adults
• Provides low-cost vaccines to eligible adults
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunize/asn
• ImmTrac2 (Texas Immunization Registry)
• All Texans
• Securely stores immunization records
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunize/immtrac
• School and Child-Care Facility Immunization Requirements
• Children attending schools and child-care facilities
• Establishes immunization requirements for school attendance
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunize/school
• Texas Medical Child Abuse Resources and Education System (MEDCARES)
• Children who are victims of abuse or neglect
• Provides resources and education to improve the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of child abuse
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch/medcares
• Child Fatality Review
• Families who have lost a child
• Reviews child deaths to prevent future fatalities
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch/child-fatality-review
• Safe Riders Traffic Safety Program
• Children and families
• Provides education on child passenger safety
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/safe-riders-traffic-safety-program
• Texas Poison Center Network
• All Texans exposed to potentially harmful substances
• Provides 24/7 poison emergency treatment information
• https://www.poisoncontrol.org/
• Environmental Lead Program
• Children at risk of lead exposure
• Provides lead poisoning prevention and intervention services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/environmental-lead-program
• Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
• Children at risk of lead exposure
• Offers screening, case management, and education on lead poisoning prevention
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/childhood-lead-poisoning-prevention-program
• Asbestos Program
• Individuals exposed to asbestos
• Regulates asbestos-related activities to protect public health
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/asbestos-program
• Elevated Blood Lead Level Investigation Program
• Children with elevated blood lead levels
• Investigates sources of lead exposure and provides recommendations
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/elevated-blood-lead-level-investigation-program
• Occupational Health Program
• Workers exposed to occupational health hazards
• Provides resources and information on occupational health and safety
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/occupational-health-program
• Radiation Control Program
• Individuals exposed to radiation
• Regulates the use of radiation sources to protect public health
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/radiation-control-program
• Indoor Air Quality Program
• Individuals concerned about indoor air quality
• Provides information and resources on indoor air quality issues
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/indoor-air-quality-program
• Public Drinking Water Program
• Consumers of public drinking water
• Ensures the safety of public drinking water systems
• https://www.tceq.texas.gov/drinkingwater
• Texas Well Owner Network
• Private well owners
• Provides education and resources for maintaining safe well water
• https://twon.tamu.edu/
• Recreational Water Illness Prevention Program
• Users of public swimming pools and water parks
• Works to prevent illnesses associated with recreational water use
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/recreational-water-illness-prevention-program
• Texas Fluoridation Program
• Communities with public water systems
• Promotes community water fluoridation to prevent tooth decay
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-fluoridation-program
• Oral Health Program
• All Texans, especially children and underserved populations
• Promotes oral health through education and prevention programs
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/oral-health-program
• School-Based Health Center Grant Program
• Students in underserved areas
• Supports school-based health centers to improve access to care
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/school-based-health-center-grant-program
• Community Health Worker Training and Certification Program
• Community health workers and promotores
• Provides training and certification for community health workers
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/community-health-worker-training-and-certification-program
• Office of Academic Linkages
• Health professions students
• Coordinates student rotations and internships in public health settings
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/office-academic-linkages
• Public Health Funding and Policy Committee
• Local health departments and districts
• Advises on funding and policy issues affecting local health departments
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/public-health-funding-and-policy-committee
• Texas Health Improvement Network
• Public health professionals and stakeholders
• Facilitates collaboration to improve population health in Texas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-health-improvement-network
• Public Health Emergency Preparedness Program
• All Texans during public health emergencies
• Prepares for and responds to public health emergencies
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/public-health-emergency-preparedness-program
• Strategic National Stockpile Program
• All Texans during public health emergencies
• Manages distribution of emergency medical supplies during crises
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/strategic-national-stockpile-program
• Texas Medical Reserve Corps
• Healthcare professionals and volunteers
• Coordinates volunteer efforts during public health emergencies
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-medical-reserve-corps
• Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Section
• All Texans during health emergencies
• Coordinates state-level response to health emergencies
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/health-emergency-preparedness-and-response-section
• Texas Emergency Medical Task Force
• Individuals needing emergency medical care during disasters
• Provides emergency medical services during large-scale emergencies
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-emergency-medical-task-force
• Texas Diabetes Council
• Individuals with or at risk for diabetes
• Advises on state policies and programs related to diabetes
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-diabetes-council
• Kidney Health Care Program
• Individuals with end-stage renal disease
• Provides financial assistance for medical care and medications
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/kidney-health-care-program
• Epilepsy Services
• Individuals with epilepsy
• Offers medical care, education, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/epilepsy-program
• Hemophilia Assistance Program
• Individuals with hemophilia
• Provides financial assistance for blood factor products
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hemophilia-program
• Sickle Cell Program
• Individuals with sickle cell disease
• Offers education, screening, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/sickle-cell-program
• Spinal Cord Injury Registry
• Individuals with spinal cord injuries
• Collects data and provides information on spinal cord injury resources
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/spinal-cord-injury-registry
• Traumatic Brain Injury Advisory Council
• Individuals with traumatic brain injuries and their families
• Advises on policies and services for people with traumatic brain injuries
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/about/leadership/advisory-committees/traumatic-brain-injury-advisory-council
• Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Services Program
• Children with special health care needs and people of any age with cystic fibrosis
• Provides medical care, case management, and family support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/children-special-health-care-needs-program
• Newborn Screening Program
• Newborn infants
• Screens for certain genetic and metabolic conditions
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/newborn-screening-program
• Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch
• Infants born with birth defects
• Monitors and researches birth defects in Texas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/birth-defects-epidemiology-and-surveillance-branch
• Genetics Services Program
• Individuals with genetic disorders or at risk for genetic conditions
• Provides genetic testing, counseling, and education
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/genetics-services-program
• Perinatal Health Program
• Pregnant women and newborns
• Promotes healthy pregnancies and birth outcomes
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch/perinatal-health-program
• Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Review Committee
• Women experiencing pregnancy-related complications or death
• Reviews cases to improve maternal health outcomes
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch/maternal-mortality-and-morbidity-review-committee
• Texas Collaborative for Healthy Mothers and Babies
• Pregnant women and newborns
• Works to improve maternal and infant health outcomes
• https://www.tchmb.org/
• TexasAIM (Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health)
• Hospitals and healthcare providers serving pregnant women
• Implements maternal safety bundles to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/mch/texasaim
• Healthy Texas Mothers and Babies Coalition
• Pregnant women and new mothers
• Promotes maternal and infant health through community-based interventions
• https://www.healthytexasbabies.org/
• Someday Starts Now
• Women of childbearing age
• Provides preconception and interconception health education
• https://www.somedaystartsnow.com/
• Texas Ten Step Program
• Hospitals serving mothers and newborns
• Promotes breastfeeding-friendly hospital practices
• https://texastenstep.org/
• Texas Mother-Friendly Worksite Program
• Working mothers who are breastfeeding
• Recognizes employers who support breastfeeding employees
• https://texasmotherfriendly.org/
• Texas Lactation Support Hotline
• Breastfeeding mothers
• Provides 24/7 breastfeeding support and information
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/breastfeeding
• Texas WIC Breastfeeding Support
• Low-income breastfeeding mothers
• Offers breastfeeding education and support services
• https://texaswic.org/breastfeeding
• Newborn Hearing Screening Program
• Newborn infants
• Provides early detection of hearing loss in newborns
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/newborn-hearing-screening-program
• Blind Children's Program
• Children who are blind or visually impaired
• Offers services to help children develop independence
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/blind-visually-impaired/blind-childrens-program• Deaf and Hard of Hearing Services
• Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing
• Provides communication access services and resources
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-hard-hearing
• Early Childhood Intervention Auditory Services
• Infants and toddlers with hearing loss
• Provides specialized auditory intervention services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/early-childhood-intervention-services/eci-auditory-services
• Specialized Telecommunications Assistance Program (STAP)
• Individuals with disabilities affecting telephone use
• Provides financial assistance for specialized telecommunications equipment
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-hard-hearing/specialized-telecommunications-assistance-program-stap
• DeafBlind Services
• Individuals who are deafblind
• Offers specialized services and support
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-blind-services
• Deafblind with Multiple Disabilities (DBMD) Program
• Individuals who are deafblind with multiple disabilities
• Provides home and community-based services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/deaf-blind-multiple-disabilities-dbmd-program
• Office of Acquired Brain Injury
• Individuals with acquired brain injuries
• Provides information, resources, and support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/office-acquired-brain-injury
• Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services (CRS)
• Individuals with traumatic brain or spinal cord injuries
• Offers intensive rehabilitation services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/comprehensive-rehabilitation-services-crs
• Independent Living Services
• Individuals with significant disabilities
• Provides services to support independent living
• https://www.twc.texas.gov/programs/independent-living-services-program-overview
• Vocational Rehabilitation Services
• Individuals with disabilities seeking employment
• Offers job training and placement services
• https://www.twc.texas.gov/programs/vocational-rehabilitation-program-overview• Disability Determination Services
• Individuals applying for Social Security disability benefits
• Determines medical eligibility for disability benefits
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/disability-determination-services
• Texas Technology Access Program (TTAP)
• Individuals with disabilities needing assistive technology
• Provides information and access to assistive technology devices
• https://tatp.edb.utexas.edu/
• Project HIRE (Helping Individuals Reach Employment)
• Individuals with disabilities seeking employment
• Offers supported employment services
• https://www.twc.texas.gov/programs/project-hire-program-overview
• Medicaid Buy-In for Children
• Children with disabilities
• Allows families to buy Medicaid coverage for their children with disabilities
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/children-families/medicaid-buy-children
• Medicaid Buy-In for Adults
• Adults with disabilities who work
• Allows working adults with disabilities to buy Medicaid coverage
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/children-families/medicaid-buy-adults
• STAR+PLUS Medicaid Managed Care Program
• Adults with disabilities and elderly individuals
• Provides acute care and long-term services and supports
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/starplus
• Community Living Assistance and Support Services (CLASS)
• Individuals with related conditions
• Offers home and community-based services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care
• Home and Community-based Services (HCS)
• Individuals with intellectual disabilities or related conditions
• Provides individualized services and supports
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care
• Texas Home Living (TxHmL)
• Individuals with intellectual disabilities or related conditions
• Offers selected essential services and supports
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care
• Medically Dependent Children Program (MDCP)
• Children and young adults who are medically dependent
• Provides respite care and other support services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/medically-dependent-children-program
• Youth Empowerment Services (YES) Waiver
• Children and adolescents with serious emotional disturbances
• Offers comprehensive home and community-based mental health services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/childrens-mental-health/yes-waiver
• Personal Care Services (PCS)
• Medicaid recipients who need assistance with daily living activities
• Provides in-home assistance with daily tasks
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/personal-care-services
• Primary Home Care (PHC)
• Medicaid recipients who need assistance with daily living activities
• Offers in-home assistance with daily tasks
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/long-term-care/primary-home-care
• Community Attendant Services (CAS)
• Low-income individuals with disabilities
• Provides in-home assistance with daily tasks
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/long-term-care/community-attendant-services
• Day Activity and Health Services (DAHS)
• Adults with disabilities or chronic health conditions
• Offers daytime care and health services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/day-activity-health-services
• Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)
• Adults 55 and older who qualify for nursing home care
• Provides comprehensive medical and social services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/starplus/programs/program-all-inclusive-care-elderly-pace
• Nursing Facility Services
• Individuals who require 24-hour skilled nursing care
• Provides residential care and medical services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/aging/long-term-care/nursing-facility-services
• Hospice Services
• Individuals with terminal illnesses
• Offers end-of-life care and support
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/medicaid-chip/programs-services/hospice
• Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ICF/IID)
• Individuals with intellectual disabilities
• Provides residential care and habilitation services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care/intermediate-care-facilities-individuals-intellectual-disability-or-related-conditions-icfiid• State Supported Living Centers
• Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities
• Offers residential care and comprehensive services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care/state-supported-living-centers-sslcs
• Home and Community-based Services-Adult Mental Health (HCBS-AMH)
• Adults with serious mental illness
• Provides home and community-based services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/adult-mental-health/home-community-based-services-adult-mental-health
• Mental Health Targeted Case Management
• Individuals with mental health conditions
• Offers coordination of mental health services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-targeted-case-management
• Mental Health Rehabilitative Services
• Individuals with mental health conditions
• Provides skills training and psychosocial rehabilitative services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-rehabilitative-services
• Outpatient Competency Restoration
• Individuals found incompetent to stand trial
• Offers mental health treatment to restore competency
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-crisis-services/outpatient-competency-restoration
• Preadmission Screening and Resident Review (PASRR)
• Individuals with mental illness or intellectual disabilities seeking nursing facility admission
• Ensures appropriate placement and services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/disability/intellectual-or-developmental-disabilities-idd-long-term-care/preadmission-screening-resident-review-pasrr
• Substance Use Disorder Services
• Individuals with substance use disorders
• Provides prevention, intervention, and treatment services
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/substance-use-services
• Opioid Treatment Services
• Individuals with opioid use disorders
• Offers medication-assisted treatment and counseling
• https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/mental-health-substance-use/substance-use-services/opioid-treatment-services
• HIV Services
• Individuals living with HIV/AIDS
• Provides medical care, medication assistance, and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program
• STD Services
• Individuals at risk for or diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases
• Offers testing, treatment, and prevention services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hiv-std-program
• Tuberculosis Services
• Individuals at risk for or diagnosed with tuberculosis
• Provides screening, treatment, and prevention services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/tuberculosis-prevention-and-control-program
• Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Program
• Individuals with Hansen's disease
• Offers medical care and support services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hansens-disease-program
• Immunization Program
• All Texans, with a focus on children and at-risk populations
• Offers vaccines and immunization services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunize
• Texas Cancer Registry
• Individuals affected by cancer
• Collects and provides data on cancer incidence in Texas
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-cancer-registry
• Breast and Cervical Cancer Services (BCCS)
• Low-income women needing breast and cervical cancer screenings
• Provides cancer screenings and diagnostic services
• https://www.dshs.texas.gov/breast-and-cervical-cancer-services
Support and assistance provided by Illinois for people with medical conditions, health issues, and/or special needs:
• Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services (HFS)
• Medical condition/need: Various health needs for low-income individuals and families
• Type of assistance: Comprehensive health coverage including doctor visits, hospital care, prescriptions, and more
• URL: https://hfs.illinois.gov/medicalclients/medicalprograms.html
• Illinois Department of Human Services (IDHS) - Medicare Program (MSP)
• Assistance for Medicare beneficiaries
• Helps pay Medicare premiums, deductibles, and co-insurance for eligible individuals
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=48729
• IDHS - Division of Rehabilitation Services (DRS)
• Services for individuals with physical disabilities
• Provides various programs to help with employment, education, and independent living goals
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=29727
• IDHS - Home Services Program (HSP)
• Assistance for individuals with severe disabilities
• Helps people live independently in their homes by providing personal assistants and other services
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=29738
• IDHS - Vocational Rehabilitation Program
• Employment assistance for people with disabilities
• Helps individuals with disabilities prepare for, find, and keep jobs
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=29736
• IDHS - Educational and Specialized Services
• Educational support for individuals with disabilities
• Provides various educational services and supports for people with disabilities
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=32257
• IDHS - Independent Living Program
• Support for independent living with disabilities
• Offers services to help people with disabilities live independently in their communities
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=29736
• IDHS - Disability Determination Services
• Assistance in determining disability for federal benefits
• Evaluates claims for Social Security disability benefits
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=29979
• IDHS - Client Assistance Program
• Advocacy for individuals with disabilities
• Helps people with disabilities understand their rights and resolve issues with rehabilitation services
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=29978
• HFS - HealthChoice Illinois (HCI)
• Managed care for Medicaid recipients
• Provides comprehensive health coverage through managed care organizations
• https://hfs.illinois.gov/medicalclients/managedcare.html
• HFS - YouthCare
• Managed care for youth with special needs
• Offers specialized health coverage for children with complex medical needs
• https://hfs.illinois.gov/medicalclients/managedcare.html
• HFS - Medicare Medicaid Alignment Initiative (MMAI)
• Integrated care for dual Medicare-Medicaid eligible individuals
• Provides coordinated care for people eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid
• https://hfs.illinois.gov/medicalclients/managedcare.html
• HFS - ACA Adults Program
• Medical coverage for adults aged 19-64
• Offers comprehensive medical coverage for adults who weren't previously eligible for Medicaid
• https://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalPrograms/AllKids/Pages/FamilyCare.aspx
• HFS - Aid to Aged Blind and Disabled (AABD) Medical
• Coverage for seniors, blind individuals, and people with disabilities
• Provides medical coverage for those with income up to 100% of the federal poverty level
• https://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalPrograms/Pages/AABD.aspx
• Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) Medical Coverage
• Medical coverage for children in foster care or adoption assistance programs
• Offers health coverage for children under DCFS care or in subsidized guardianship programs
• https://www2.illinois.gov/dcfs/healthcareanddevelopment/health/Pages/default.aspx
• HFS - Former Foster Care Program
• Medical coverage for young adults who aged out of foster care
• Provides Medicaid coverage for individuals under 26 who were on Medicaid when they left foster care at 18 or older
• https://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalPrograms/AllKids/Pages/FormerFosterCare.aspx
• HFS - All Kids Program
• Health coverage for children through age 18
• Offers comprehensive healthcare including doctor visits, hospital stays, prescriptions, and more
• https://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalPrograms/AllKids/Pages/about.aspx
• HFS - FamilyCare Program
• Health coverage for parents and caretaker relatives of children under 18
• Provides medical coverage for adults caring for children, with varying levels of coverage based on income
• https://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalPrograms/AllKids/Pages/FamilyCare.aspx
• HFS - Moms and Babies Program
• Medical coverage for pregnant women
• Offers comprehensive health services for pregnant women, regardless of immigration status
• https://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalPrograms/AllKids/Pages/MomsAndBabies.aspx
• HFS - State Renal Dialysis Program
• Coverage for individuals with chronic renal failure
• Pays for renal dialysis services for those not eligible for Medicaid or Medicare
• https://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalPrograms/Pages/RenalDialysis.aspx
• Illinois Department of Veterans Affairs - Veterans Care Program
• Healthcare for uninsured veterans under 65
• Provides comprehensive healthcare to eligible veterans for a monthly premium
• https://www2.illinois.gov/veterans/benefits/Pages/health-care.aspx• HFS - Medical Assistance for Asylum Applicants and Torture Victims
• Coverage for asylum applicants and torture victims
• Offers up to 24 months of medical coverage for eligible individuals
• https://www2.illinois.gov/hfs/MedicalPrograms/Pages/AsylumApplicants.aspx
• Illinois Cardiology Associates
• Heart and cardiovascular care
• Provides specialized treatment for heart conditions and vascular diseases
• https://www.illinoiscardiology.org/
• Illinois Allergy & Asthma Specialists
• Allergy and asthma treatment
• Offers diagnosis and management of allergies and asthma
• https://www.illinoisallergy.com/
• Illinois Neurological Institute
• Neurological care
• Provides specialized treatment for brain and nervous system disorders
• https://www.illinoisneurological.org/
• Illinois Bone Marrow Transplant Center
• Bone marrow transplant services
• Offers specialized care for patients needing bone marrow transplants
• https://www.uichealthbone.com/
• Illinois Prostate Cancer Center
• Prostate cancer treatment
• Provides specialized care for prostate cancer patients
• https://www.prostatecenterofillinois.com/
• Illinois Fertility Center
• Fertility treatment
• Offers assisted reproductive technologies and fertility services
• https://www.illinoisfertility.com/
• Illinois Pediatric Diabetes Center
• Pediatric diabetes care
• Provides specialized treatment for children with diabetes
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/diabetes/
• Illinois Hemophilia Center
• Hemophilia treatment
• Offers specialized care for patients with bleeding disorders
• https://www.rushcopley.com/services/cancer-care/hemophilia-center/
• Illinois Sickle Cell Center
• Sickle cell disease treatment
• Provides comprehensive care for patients with sickle cell disease
• https://hospital.uillinois.edu/primary-and-specialty-care/sickle-cell-center
• Illinois Cystic Fibrosis Center
• Cystic fibrosis treatment
• Offers specialized care for patients with cystic fibrosis
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/cystic-fibrosis-center/
• Illinois Crohn's and Colitis Center
• Inflammatory bowel disease treatment
• Provides specialized care for patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/inflammatory-bowel-disease
• Illinois Lupus Clinic
• Lupus treatment
• Offers specialized care for patients with lupus
• https://hospital.uillinois.edu/primary-and-specialty-care/rheumatology/lupus-clinic
• Illinois Headache Institute
• Headache and migraine treatment
• Provides specialized care for chronic headache disorders
• https://www.diamondheadache.com/
• Illinois Voice Center
• Voice and swallowing disorders treatment
• Offers specialized care for voice and swallowing problems
• https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/ent/voice-center
• Illinois Hearing Institute
• Hearing loss treatment
• Provides diagnostic and treatment services for hearing disorders
• https://www.illinoishearing.com/
• Illinois Balance and Dizziness Center
• Balance disorder treatment
• Offers specialized care for patients with balance and dizziness issues
• https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/comprehensive-dizziness-and-balance-program
• Illinois Wound Care Center
• Wound treatment
• Provides specialized care for chronic and non-healing wounds
• https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/wound-care
• Illinois Lymphedema Center
• Lymphedema treatment
• Offers specialized care for patients with lymphedema
• https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer/lymphedema-program
• Illinois Burn Center
• Burn treatment
• Provides specialized care for burn injuries
• https://www.loyolamedicine.org/burn-center
• Illinois Transplant Center
• Organ transplant services
• Offers comprehensive care for organ transplant patients
• https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/transplant
• Illinois Stroke Center
• Stroke treatment and rehabilitation
• Provides specialized care for stroke patients
• https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/stroke-program
• Illinois Spinal Cord Injury Center
• Spinal cord injury treatment
• Offers comprehensive care for patients with spinal cord injuries
• https://www.sralab.org/conditions/spinal-cord-injury
• Illinois Amputee Clinic
• Amputation care and prosthetics
• Provides specialized care for amputees and prosthetic services
• https://www.sralab.org/conditions/amputation
• Illinois Cleft and Craniofacial Center
• Cleft and craniofacial disorder treatment
• Offers specialized care for patients with cleft lip, palate, and other craniofacial conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/cleft-craniofacial/
• Illinois Pediatric Palliative Care Program
• Palliative care for children
• Provides specialized care for children with life-limiting illnesses
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-palliative-care/
• Illinois Rett Syndrome Clinic
• Rett syndrome treatment
• Offers specialized care for patients with Rett syndrome
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/rett-syndrome/
• Illinois Tourette Syndrome Clinic
• Tourette syndrome treatment
• Provides specialized care for patients with Tourette syndrome
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/tourette-syndrome/
• Illinois Neurofibromatosis Clinic
• Neurofibromatosis treatment
• Offers specialized care for patients with neurofibromatosis
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neurofibromatosis/
• Illinois Pediatric Movement Disorders Program
• Movement disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with movement disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/movement-disorders/
• Illinois Pediatric Epilepsy Center
• Epilepsy treatment for children
• Offers comprehensive care for children with epilepsy
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-epilepsy-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Sleep Center
• Sleep disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with sleep disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/sleep-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Headache Program
• Headache treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with chronic headaches
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/headache-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Stroke Program
• Stroke treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children who have experienced strokes
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-stroke-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Heart Center
• Heart care for children
• Offers comprehensive cardiac care for children with heart conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/heart-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine Program
• Lung care for children
• Provides specialized care for children with lung and breathing disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pulmonary-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Gastroenterology Program
• Digestive health care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with gastrointestinal disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/gastroenterology-hepatology-nutrition/
• Illinois Pediatric Rheumatology Program
• Rheumatology care for children
• Provides specialized care for children with rheumatic diseases
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/rheumatology/
• Illinois Pediatric Nephrology Program
• Kidney care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with kidney disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/kidney-diseases-nephrology/
• Illinois Pediatric Urology Program
• Urological care for children
• Provides specialized care for children with urological conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/urology/
• Illinois Pediatric Orthopedics Program
• Orthopedic care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with bone and joint conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/orthopaedics/
• Illinois Pediatric Plastic Surgery Program
• Plastic surgery for children
• Provides specialized care for children needing reconstructive or cosmetic procedures
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery/
• Illinois Pediatric Dermatology Program
• Skin care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with skin conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/dermatology/
• Illinois Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Program
• Allergy and immunology care for children
• Provides specialized care for children with allergies and immune disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/allergy-and-immunology/
• Illinois Pediatric Infectious Diseases Program
• Infectious disease care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with infectious diseases
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/infectious-diseases/
• Illinois Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Program
• Cancer and blood disorder care for children
• Provides specialized care for children with cancer and blood disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hematology-oncology-stem-cell-transplantation/
• Illinois Pediatric Endocrinology Program
• Hormone disorder care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with endocrine disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/endocrinology/
• Illinois Pediatric Genetics Program
• Genetic disorder care for children
• Provides specialized care for children with genetic disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/genetics-birth-defects-metabolism/
• Illinois Pediatric Neurosurgery Program
• Neurosurgery for children
• Offers specialized surgical care for children with neurological conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neurosurgery/
• Illinois Pediatric Ophthalmology Program
• Eye care for children
• Provides specialized care for children with eye conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/ophthalmology/• Illinois Pediatric Otolaryngology Program
• Ear, nose, and throat care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with ENT conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/otolaryngology/
• Illinois Spina Bifida Center
• Spina bifida treatment
• Provides comprehensive care for patients with spina bifida
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/spina-bifida-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Trauma Center
• Trauma care for children
• Offers specialized emergency care for severely injured children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/trauma-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)
• Critical care for children
• Provides specialized care for critically ill or injured children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-intensive-care-unit/
• Illinois Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
• Intensive care for newborns
• Offers specialized care for premature and critically ill newborns
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neonatology/
• Illinois Pediatric Transplant Center
• Organ transplants for children
• Provides comprehensive transplant services for children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/transplant-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Pain Management Program
• Pain management for children
• Offers specialized care for children with chronic pain conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pain-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Rehabilitation Program
• Rehabilitation services for children
• Provides comprehensive rehabilitation for children with various conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation/
• Illinois Pediatric Sports Medicine Program
• Sports medicine for children and adolescents
• Offers specialized care for young athletes and sports-related injuries
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/sports-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Dentistry Program
• Dental care for children
• Provides specialized dental services for children with various needs
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/dentistry/
• Illinois Pediatric Audiology Program
• Hearing care for children
• Offers comprehensive hearing evaluations and treatments for children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/audiology/
• Illinois Pediatric Speech and Language Therapy Program
• Speech therapy for children
• Provides specialized care for children with speech and language disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/speech-language-pathology-and-learning/
• Illinois Pediatric Occupational Therapy Program
• Occupational therapy for children
• Offers specialized therapy to help children develop daily living skills
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/occupational-therapy/
• Illinois Pediatric Physical Therapy Program
• Physical therapy for children
• Provides specialized therapy to improve children's mobility and function
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/physical-therapy/
• Illinois Pediatric Behavioral Health Program
• Mental health care for children
• Offers comprehensive mental health services for children and adolescents
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/psychiatry-and-behavioral-health/
• Illinois Pediatric Eating Disorders Program
• Eating disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with eating disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/eating-disorders-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Gender Development Program
• Gender identity care for children
• Offers specialized care for children exploring gender identity
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/gender-development-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Integrative Medicine Program
• Complementary medicine for children
• Provides holistic and alternative treatments alongside conventional medicine
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/integrative-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Aerodigestive Program
• Airway and digestive care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with complex airway and digestive issues
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/aerodigestive-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Vascular Anomalies Program
• Vascular anomaly treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with vascular birthmarks and malformations
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/vascular-anomalies/
• Illinois Pediatric Thyroid Program
• Thyroid care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with thyroid disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-thyroid-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Pituitary Program
• Pituitary disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with pituitary gland disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pituitary-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Program
• Brain tumor treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with brain and spinal cord tumors
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neuro-oncology-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Leukemia Program
• Leukemia treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with leukemia
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/leukemia-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Solid Tumor Program
• Solid tumor treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with solid tumors
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/solid-tumor-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant Program
• Stem cell transplants for children
• Provides specialized care for children needing stem cell transplants
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/stem-cell-transplant-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center
• Blood disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with bleeding and clotting disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hemophilia-and-thrombosis-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Sickle Cell Program
• Sickle cell treatment for children
• Provides comprehensive care for children with sickle cell disease
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/sickle-cell-disease-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Thalassemia Program
• Thalassemia treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with thalassemia
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/thalassemia-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Bone Marrow Failure Program
• Bone marrow failure treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with bone marrow failure syndromes
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/bone-marrow-failure-program/• Illinois Pediatric Histiocytosis Program
• Histiocytosis treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with histiocytic disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/histiocytosis-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Immunodeficiency Program
• Immune disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with primary immunodeficiency disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/immunology/
• Illinois Pediatric Rheumatology Program
• Rheumatic disease treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with rheumatic diseases
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/rheumatology/
• Illinois Pediatric Lupus Clinic
• Lupus treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with lupus
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/lupus-clinic/
• Illinois Pediatric Vasculitis Program
• Vasculitis treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with vasculitis
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/vasculitis-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program
• IBD treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Liver Disease Program
• Liver disease treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with liver disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-liver-diseases-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Pancreatic Disease Program
• Pancreatic disease treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with pancreatic disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pancreatic-diseases-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Motility Disorders Program
• Gastrointestinal motility treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with motility disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neurogastroenterology-and-motility-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Feeding Program
• Feeding disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with feeding difficulties
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-feeding-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Weight Management Program
• Weight management for children
• Provides comprehensive care for children struggling with weight issues
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/obesity-prevention-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Diabetes Program
• Diabetes care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/diabetes/
• Illinois Pediatric Endocrine Tumor Program
• Endocrine tumor treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with endocrine tumors
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/endocrine-tumor-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Growth and Development Program
• Growth disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with growth and development issues
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/growth-and-development-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Metabolic Disease Program
• Metabolic disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with inherited metabolic disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/genetics-birth-defects-metabolism/
• Illinois Pediatric Mitochondrial Disease Program
• Mitochondrial disease treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with mitochondrial disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/mitochondrial-disease-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Neurogenetics Program
• Neurogenetic disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with neurogenetic conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neurogenetics-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Neuromuscular Program
• Neuromuscular disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with neuromuscular conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neuromuscular-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Neurofibromatosis Program
• Neurofibromatosis treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with neurofibromatosis
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neurofibromatosis-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Tuberous Sclerosis Program
• Tuberous sclerosis treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with tuberous sclerosis complex
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/tuberous-sclerosis-complex-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Rett Syndrome Program
• Rett syndrome treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with Rett syndrome
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/rett-syndrome/
• Illinois Pediatric Tourette Syndrome Program
• Tourette syndrome treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with Tourette syndrome
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/tourette-syndrome/
• Illinois Pediatric Cerebral Palsy Program
• Cerebral palsy treatment for children
• Provides comprehensive care for children with cerebral palsy
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/cerebral-palsy/
• Illinois Pediatric Muscular Dystrophy Program
• Muscular dystrophy treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with muscular dystrophy
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/muscular-dystrophy/
• Illinois Pediatric Spinal Muscular Atrophy Program
• Spinal muscular atrophy treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with spinal muscular atrophy
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/spinal-muscular-atrophy/
• Illinois Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Program
• Epilepsy surgery for children
• Offers surgical interventions for children with drug-resistant epilepsy
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/epilepsy-center/epilepsy-surgery-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Ketogenic Diet Program
• Ketogenic diet therapy for epilepsy in children
• Provides dietary management for children with drug-resistant epilepsy
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/epilepsy-center/ketogenic-diet-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program
• Neurological critical care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with life-threatening neurological conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neurocritical-care-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Stroke Program
• Stroke treatment and prevention for children
• Provides specialized care for children who have experienced or are at risk for stroke
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-stroke-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Program
• Multiple sclerosis treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with multiple sclerosis
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-multiple-sclerosis-and-neuroimmunology-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Craniofacial Program
• Craniofacial disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with craniofacial abnormalities
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery/craniofacial-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Cleft Lip and Palate Program
• Cleft lip and palate treatment for children
• Offers comprehensive care for children with cleft lip and palate
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery/cleft-lip-and-palate-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Hand and Upper Extremity Program
• Hand and upper extremity treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with hand and upper extremity conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/orthopaedics/hand-and-upper-extremity-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Spine Program
• Spine disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with spinal conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/orthopaedics/spine-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Sports Medicine Program
• Sports medicine for children and adolescents
• Provides specialized care for young athletes and sports-related injuries
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/orthopaedics/sports-medicine-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Limb Deformity Program
• Limb deformity treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with limb deformities
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/orthopaedics/limb-deformity-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Bone Health Program
• Bone health management for children
• Provides specialized care for children with bone health issues
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/orthopaedics/bone-health-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Neuromuscular Scoliosis Program
• Neuromuscular scoliosis treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with neuromuscular scoliosis
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/orthopaedics/neuromuscular-scoliosis-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Congenital Heart Center
• Congenital heart defect treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with congenital heart defects
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-heart-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Program
• Heart failure and transplant care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with heart failure or needing heart transplants
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-heart-center/heart-failure-and-heart-transplantation-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension Program
• Pulmonary hypertension treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with pulmonary hypertension
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-heart-center/pulmonary-hypertension-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Cardiac Arrhythmia Program
• Cardiac arrhythmia treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with heart rhythm disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-heart-center/arrhythmia-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Preventive Cardiology Program
• Cardiovascular disease prevention for children
• Provides specialized care to prevent heart disease in children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-heart-center/preventive-cardiology-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Fetal Cardiology Program
• Fetal heart defect diagnosis and treatment
• Offers specialized care for unborn babies with heart defects
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-heart-center/fetal-cardiology-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Asthma Program
• Asthma treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with asthma
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pulmonary-medicine/asthma-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Program
• Cystic fibrosis treatment for children
• Offers comprehensive care for children with cystic fibrosis
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pulmonary-medicine/cystic-fibrosis-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Sleep Medicine Program
• Sleep disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with sleep disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/sleep-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Liver Disease Program
• Liver disease treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with liver disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-liver-diseases-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program
• IBD treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Celiac Disease Program
• Celiac disease treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with celiac disease
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/celiac-disease-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders Program
• Eosinophilic disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/eosinophilic-gastrointestinal-disorders-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Intestinal Rehabilitation Program
• Intestinal rehabilitation for children
• Provides specialized care for children with intestinal failure
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/intestinal-rehabilitation-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Kidney Transplant Program
• Kidney transplant for children
• Offers specialized care for children needing kidney transplants
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/kidney-diseases-nephrology/kidney-transplant-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Dialysis Program
• Dialysis treatment for children
• Provides specialized dialysis care for children with kidney failure
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/kidney-diseases-nephrology/dialysis-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Hypertension Program
• Hypertension treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with high blood pressure
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/kidney-diseases-nephrology/hypertension-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Stone Program
• Kidney stone treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with kidney stones
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/kidney-diseases-nephrology/stone-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Urology Program
• Urological care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with urological conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/urology/
• Illinois Pediatric Fertility and Hormone Preservation Program
• Fertility preservation for children with cancer
• Provides specialized care to preserve fertility for children undergoing cancer treatment
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/fertility-and-hormone-preservation-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Thyroid Program
• Thyroid disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with thyroid disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-thyroid-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Diabetes Program
• Diabetes treatment for children
• Provides comprehensive care for children with diabetes
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/diabetes/
• Illinois Pediatric Growth and Development Program
• Growth disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with growth and development issues
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/growth-and-development-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Gender and Sex Development Program
• Gender identity and sex development care for children
• Provides specialized care for children with gender identity concerns or differences of sex development
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/gender-development-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Hematology Program
• Blood disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with blood disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hematology-oncology-stem-cell-transplantation/hematology-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center
• Bleeding and clotting disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with hemophilia and other blood clotting disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hemophilia-and-thrombosis-center/
• Illinois Pediatric Sickle Cell Program
• Sickle cell disease treatment for children
• Offers comprehensive care for children with sickle cell disease
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hematology-oncology-stem-cell-transplantation/sickle-cell-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Leukemia and Lymphoma Program
• Leukemia and lymphoma treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with leukemia and lymphoma
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hematology-oncology-stem-cell-transplantation/leukemia-and-lymphoma-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Solid Tumor Program
• Solid tumor treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with solid tumors
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hematology-oncology-stem-cell-transplantation/solid-tumor-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant Program
• Stem cell transplant for children
• Offers specialized care for children needing stem cell transplants
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hematology-oncology-stem-cell-transplantation/stem-cell-transplant-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Immunology Program
• Immune disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with immune system disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/allergy-and-immunology/immunology-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Allergy Program
• Allergy treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with allergies
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/allergy-and-immunology/allergy-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Rheumatology Program
• Rheumatic disease treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with rheumatic diseases
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/rheumatology/
• Illinois Pediatric Lupus Program
• Lupus treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with lupus
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/rheumatology/lupus-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Juvenile Arthritis Program
• Juvenile arthritis treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with juvenile arthritis
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/rheumatology/juvenile-arthritis-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Vasculitis Program
• Vasculitis treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with vasculitis, a condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/rheumatology/vasculitis-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Dermatology Program
• Skin disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with various skin conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/dermatology/
• Illinois Pediatric Plastic Surgery Program
• Reconstructive and cosmetic surgery for children
• Offers specialized surgical care for children with congenital or acquired deformities
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery/
• Illinois Pediatric Ophthalmology Program
• Eye care for children
• Provides comprehensive eye care services for children with various eye conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/ophthalmology/
• Illinois Pediatric Otolaryngology Program
• Ear, nose, and throat care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with ENT conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/otolaryngology/
• Illinois Pediatric Audiology Program
• Hearing care for children
• Provides diagnostic and treatment services for children with hearing disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/audiology/
• Illinois Pediatric Speech and Language Program
• Speech and language therapy for children
• Offers specialized care for children with communication disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/speech-language-pathology-and-learning/
• Illinois Pediatric Dentistry Program
• Dental care for children
• Provides comprehensive dental services for children, including those with special needs
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/dentistry/
• Illinois Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Program
• Oral surgery for children
• Offers specialized surgical care for children with oral and facial conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery/
• Illinois Pediatric Orthodontics Program
• Orthodontic care for children
• Provides specialized care for children needing teeth and jaw alignment
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/orthodontics/
• Illinois Pediatric Anesthesiology Program
• Anesthesia services for children
• Offers specialized anesthesia care for children undergoing medical procedures
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/anesthesiology/
• Illinois Pediatric Pain Medicine Program
• Pain management for children
• Provides specialized care for children with acute and chronic pain conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pain-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Palliative Care Program
• Palliative care for children with serious illnesses
• Offers specialized care to improve quality of life for children with life-threatening conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-palliative-care/
• Illinois Pediatric Emergency Medicine Program
• Emergency care for children
• Provides specialized emergency medical services for children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/emergency-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Transport Team
• Critical care transport for children
• Offers specialized transport services for critically ill or injured children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/transport-team/
• Illinois Pediatric Hospital Medicine Program
• Inpatient care for children
• Provides comprehensive medical care for children admitted to the hospital
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hospital-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Infectious Diseases Program
• Infectious disease treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with various infectious diseases
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/infectious-diseases/
• Illinois Pediatric Travel Medicine Program
• Travel health services for children
• Provides specialized care and vaccinations for children traveling internationally
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/infectious-diseases/travel-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Transplant Infectious Diseases Program
• Infectious disease care for transplant patients
• Offers specialized care for children with infections related to organ transplants
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/infectious-diseases/transplant-infectious-diseases/
• Illinois Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Program
• Antibiotic management for children
• Provides guidance on appropriate antibiotic use in pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/infectious-diseases/antimicrobial-stewardship/
• Illinois Pediatric Metabolism Program
• Metabolic disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with inherited metabolic disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/genetics-birth-defects-metabolism/metabolism/
• Illinois Pediatric Biochemical Genetics Program
• Biochemical genetic disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with biochemical genetic disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/genetics-birth-defects-metabolism/biochemical-genetics/
• Illinois Pediatric Neurogenetics Program
• Neurogenetic disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with neurogenetic conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/genetics-birth-defects-metabolism/neurogenetics/
• Illinois Pediatric Cardiovascular Genetics Program
• Cardiovascular genetic disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with inherited heart conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/genetics-birth-defects-metabolism/cardiovascular-genetics/
• Illinois Pediatric Cancer Predisposition Program
• Cancer risk assessment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with genetic predisposition to cancer
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/genetics-birth-defects-metabolism/cancer-predisposition/
• Illinois Pediatric Prenatal Diagnosis Program
• Prenatal genetic testing and counseling
• Offers specialized care for expectant parents with genetic concerns
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/genetics-birth-defects-metabolism/prenatal-diagnosis/
• Illinois Pediatric Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory
• Genetic testing for children
• Provides specialized genetic testing services for pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pathology-and-laboratory-medicine/molecular-diagnostics-laboratory/
• Illinois Pediatric Cytogenetics Laboratory
• Chromosome analysis for children
• Offers specialized chromosome testing services for pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pathology-and-laboratory-medicine/cytogenetics-laboratory/
• Illinois Pediatric Biochemical Genetics Laboratory
• Metabolic testing for children
• Provides specialized metabolic testing services for pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pathology-and-laboratory-medicine/biochemical-genetics-laboratory/
• Illinois Pediatric Pathology Program
• Pathology services for children
• Offers specialized pathology services for diagnosing pediatric diseases
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pathology-and-laboratory-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Radiology Program
• Imaging services for children
• Provides specialized imaging services for diagnosing pediatric conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/medical-imaging/
• Illinois Pediatric Interventional Radiology Program
• Minimally invasive procedures for children
• Offers specialized interventional radiology services for pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/interventional-radiology/
• Illinois Pediatric Nuclear Medicine Program
• Nuclear medicine services for children
• Provides specialized nuclear medicine imaging for pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/medical-imaging/nuclear-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Neuroradiology Program
• Brain and spine imaging for children
• Offers specialized imaging services for pediatric neurological conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/medical-imaging/neuroradiology/
• Illinois Pediatric Cardiac Imaging Program
• Heart imaging for children
• Provides specialized imaging services for pediatric heart conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/medical-imaging/cardiac-imaging/
• Illinois Pediatric Fetal Imaging Program
• Prenatal imaging services
• Offers specialized imaging services for unborn babies
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/medical-imaging/fetal-imaging/
• Illinois Pediatric Orthopedic Imaging Program
• Musculoskeletal imaging for children
• Provides specialized imaging services for pediatric bone and joint conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/medical-imaging/musculoskeletal-imaging/
• Illinois Pediatric Pharmacy Program
• Pharmacy services for children
• Offers specialized pharmacy services for pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pharmacy/• Illinois Pediatric Clinical Nutrition Program
• Nutrition services for children
• Provides specialized nutrition care for pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/clinical-nutrition/
• Illinois Pediatric Child Life Services Program
• Psychosocial support for hospitalized children
• Offers specialized support to help children cope with hospitalization
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/child-life-services/
• Illinois Pediatric Social Work Program
• Social support services for children and families
• Provides specialized social work services for pediatric patients and their families
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/social-work/
• Illinois Pediatric Interpreter Services Program
• Language interpretation for non-English speaking families
• Offers specialized interpretation services for pediatric healthcare
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/patient-family-resources/interpreter-services/
• Illinois Pediatric Pastoral Care Program
• Spiritual support for children and families
• Provides specialized spiritual care services for pediatric patients and their families
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/patient-family-resources/pastoral-care/
• Illinois Pediatric School Services Program
• Educational support for hospitalized children
• Offers specialized educational services for children during hospital stays
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/patient-family-resources/school-services/
• Illinois Pediatric Creative Arts Therapy Program
• Art and music therapy for children
• Provides specialized creative arts therapy for pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/creative-arts-therapy/
• Illinois Pediatric Therapeutic Recreation Program
• Recreational therapy for children
• Offers specialized recreational activities for pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/therapeutic-recreation/
• Illinois Pediatric Bioethics Program
• Ethical consultation for pediatric care
• Provides specialized ethical guidance for complex pediatric medical situations
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/bioethics/
• Illinois Pediatric Transition of Care Program
• Transition services for adolescents with chronic conditions
• Offers specialized support for teens transitioning to adult healthcare
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/transitioning-to-adult-care/
• Illinois Pediatric Telemedicine Program
• Remote healthcare services for children
• Provides specialized telemedicine services for pediatric patients
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/telemedicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Medical Home Program
• Coordinated care for children with complex needs
• Offers specialized care coordination for children with multiple medical conditions
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/medical-home/
• Illinois Pediatric Injury Prevention Program
• Injury prevention education for children and families
• Provides specialized education and resources to prevent childhood injuries
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/community-programs/injury-prevention/
• Illinois Pediatric Advocacy Program
• Child health advocacy services
• Offers specialized advocacy for policies that improve children's health
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/community-programs/advocacy/
• Illinois Pediatric Community Health Program
• Community-based health services for children
• Provides specialized health services in community settings
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/community-programs/
• Illinois Pediatric Health Equity Program
• Health equity initiatives for children
• Offers specialized programs to address health disparities in pediatric care
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/community-programs/health-equity/
• Illinois Pediatric Violence Prevention Program
• Violence prevention services for children
• Provides specialized programs to prevent and address violence affecting children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/community-programs/violence-prevention/
• Illinois Pediatric Obesity Prevention Program
• Obesity prevention services for children
• Offers specialized programs to prevent and address childhood obesity
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/community-programs/consortium-to-lower-obesity-in-chicago-children/• Illinois Pediatric Asthma Management Program
• Asthma management services for children
• Provides specialized programs to help children manage asthma
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/community-programs/asthma-management/
• Illinois Pediatric Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
• Lead poisoning prevention services for children
• Offers specialized programs to prevent and address lead poisoning in children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/community-programs/lead-poisoning-prevention/
• Illinois Pediatric Oral Health Program
• Oral health services for children
• Provides specialized programs to promote oral health in children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/community-programs/oral-health/
• Illinois Pediatric Mental Health Program
• Mental health services for children
• Offers specialized programs to address mental health in children
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/psychiatry-and-behavioral-health/
• Illinois Pediatric Substance Use Program
• Substance use treatment for adolescents
• Provides specialized programs for adolescents with substance use disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/substance-use-and-prevention-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Eating Disorders Program
• Eating disorder treatment for children and adolescents
• Offers specialized care for children and teens with eating disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/eating-disorders-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Sleep Disorders Program
• Sleep disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with sleep disorders
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/sleep-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Developmental-Behavioral Program
• Developmental and behavioral care for children
• Offers specialized care for children with developmental and behavioral issues
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/developmental-behavioral-pediatrics/
• Illinois Pediatric Learning Disabilities Program
• Learning disability services for children
• Provides specialized care for children with learning disabilities
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/developmental-behavioral-pediatrics/learning-disabilities/
• Illinois Pediatric ADHD Program
• ADHD treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/developmental-behavioral-pediatrics/adhd/
• Illinois Pediatric Anxiety Disorders Program
• Anxiety disorder treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for children with anxiety disorders.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/psychiatry-and-behavioral-health/anxiety-disorders/
• Illinois Pediatric Depression Program
• Depression treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children experiencing depression.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/psychiatry-and-behavioral-health/depression/
• Illinois Pediatric Trauma Program
• Trauma recovery services for children
• Provides specialized support for children who have experienced trauma.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/psychiatry-and-behavioral-health/trauma-recovery/
• Illinois Pediatric Behavioral Health Integration Program
• Integrated behavioral health services for children
• Offers coordinated care that combines mental health and primary care services.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/psychiatry-and-behavioral-health/integrated-care/
• Illinois Pediatric Substance Use Disorders Program
• Substance use treatment for adolescents
• Provides specialized care for adolescents struggling with substance use issues.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/substance-use-and-prevention-program/
• Illinois Pediatric Neuropsychology Program
• Neuropsychological assessment for children
• Offers specialized assessments to evaluate cognitive and behavioral functioning.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neuropsychology/
• Illinois Pediatric Learning and Development Program
• Learning support services for children
• Provides resources and support for children with learning difficulties.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/developmental-behavioral-pediatrics/
• Illinois Pediatric Occupational Therapy Program
• Occupational therapy services for children
• Offers specialized therapy to help children develop daily living skills.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/occupational-therapy/
• Illinois Pediatric Physical Therapy Program
• Physical therapy services for children
• Provides specialized therapy to improve mobility and physical function.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/physical-therapy/
• Illinois Pediatric Speech Therapy Program
• Speech therapy services for children
• Offers specialized therapy to address speech and language disorders.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/speech-language-pathology/
• Illinois Pediatric Nutrition Services Program
• Nutritional support for children
• Provides dietary assessments and nutritional counseling for pediatric patients.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/nutrition/
• Illinois Pediatric Endocrinology Program
• Hormonal disorder treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for children with endocrine disorders.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/endocrinology/
• Illinois Pediatric Diabetes Education Program
• Diabetes management education for families
• Provides education and resources for families managing pediatric diabetes.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/diabetes/education/
• Illinois Pediatric Gastroenterology Program
• Digestive health services for children
• Offers specialized care for children with gastrointestinal disorders.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/gastroenterology-hepatology-nutrition/
• Illinois Pediatric Hepatology Program
• Liver disease treatment for children
• Provides specialized care for pediatric liver disorders.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/hepatology/
• Illinois Pediatric Nephrology Program
• Kidney disease treatment for children
• Offers specialized care for pediatric kidney disorders.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/kidney-diseases-nephrology/
• Illinois Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Program
• Allergy treatment services for children
• Provides comprehensive allergy testing and treatment options.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/allergy-and-immunology/
• Illinois Pediatric Infectious Diseases Program
• Infectious disease management for children
• Offers specialized care and treatment options for pediatric infectious diseases.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/infectious-diseases/
• Illinois Pediatric Neurology Program
• Neurological disorder treatment for children
• Provides comprehensive evaluation and management of neurological conditions.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neurology/
• Illinois Pediatric Neurosurgery Program
• Neurosurgical services for children
• Offers surgical interventions for a variety of neurological conditions.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neurosurgery/
• Illinois Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Program
• Heart surgery services for children
• Provides surgical interventions for congenital heart defects and other cardiac issues.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/cardiothoracic-surgery/
• Illinois Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery Program
• Orthopedic surgery services for children
• Offers surgical treatments for bone and joint conditions in pediatric patients.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/orthopaedics/
• Illinois Pediatric Urology Surgery Program
• Urological surgery services for children
• Provides surgical interventions to treat urological conditions in pediatric patients.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/urology/
• Illinois Pediatric Plastic Surgery Program
• Reconstructive surgery services for children
• Offers surgical options to correct congenital or acquired deformities.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery/
• Illinois Pediatric Otolaryngology Surgery Program
• Surgical ENT services for children
• Provides surgical management of ear, nose, and throat conditions.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/otolaryngology/
• Illinois Pediatric Dental Surgery Program
• Surgical dental services for children
• Offers oral surgical procedures, including extractions and corrective surgeries.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/dentistry/
• Illinois Pediatric Anesthesia Services
• Anesthesia care during procedures
• Provides anesthesia management tailored specifically to pediatric patients.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/anesthesiology/
• Illinois Pediatric Rehabilitation Services
• Rehabilitation therapy services for children
• Offers physical, occupational, and speech therapy to aid recovery.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/rehabilitation/
• Illinois Pediatric Pain Management Services
• Pain management solutions for pediatric patients
• Provides comprehensive pain assessment and management strategies.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pain-medicine/
• Illinois Pediatric Palliative Care Services
• Palliative support services for seriously ill children
• Offers comprehensive palliative care focused on comfort and quality of life.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/pediatric-palliative-care/
• Illinois Pediatric Home Health Services
• Home health care options for pediatric patients
• Provides skilled nursing and therapy services in the home setting.
• https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/patient-family-resources/home-health-services/
• Illinois Home Services Program
• In-home support services
• Offers assistance to individuals with disabilities to live independently.
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=30321
• Illinois Division of Rehabilitation Services
• Vocational rehabilitation
• Provides employment-related services to individuals with disabilities.
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=30321
• Illinois Department of Human Services - Early Intervention
• Developmental support
• Offers early intervention services to infants and toddlers with developmental delays.
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=30321
• Illinois Department of Human Services - Family Support Programs
• Family support resources
• Provides various programs aimed at supporting families with special needs.
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=30321
• Illinois Department of Human Services - Mental Health Services
• Mental health support
• Offers a range of mental health programs and resources.
• https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=29735
Support and assistance provided by New Jersey for people with medical conditions, health issues, and/or special needs:
Traumatic Brain Injury Fund
Agency: New Jersey Division of Disability Services
Assists: New Jersey residents who have experienced a traumatic brain injury.
Provides: Funding for services to foster independence and maximize quality of life.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dds/programs/braininjuryfund/
Personal Assistance Services Program (PASP)
Agency: New Jersey Division of Disability Services
Assists: Adults with physical disabilities who are employed, preparing for employment, attending school, or involved in community volunteer work.
Provides: Personal care assistance.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dds/programs/personalassistance/
Division of Developmental Disabilities (DDD)
Agency: New Jersey Department of Human Services
Assists: Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Provides: Public funding for services and supports to assist in living as independently as possible.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/ddd/home/
Early Intervention System (EIS)
Agency: New Jersey Department of Health
Assists: Infants and toddlers (birth to age three) with developmental delays or disabilities and their families.
Provides: Services to enhance development and learning.
https://www.nj.gov/health/fhs/eis/
Division of Medical Assistance and Health Services (DMAHS)
Assists low- to moderate-income individuals, including children, pregnant women, parents, single adults, and those who are aged, blind, or disabled. Provides health coverage through NJ FamilyCare, offering services like doctor visits, hospital services, prescriptions, vision care, mental health care, dental, and nursing home care.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
Supportive Housing Connection
Provides housing assistance and supportive services to individuals with disabilities, helping them secure and maintain affordable housing.
https://www.nj.gov/dca/dhcr/offices/shc.shtml
Commission for the Blind and Visually Impaired (CBVI)
Offers services to individuals who are blind or visually impaired, including education, employment support, and independent living skills training.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/cbvi/home/
Division of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DDHH)
Provides information, referral, and advocacy services to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing, promoting equal access and opportunities.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/ddhh/index.shtml
Office of Emergency Medical Services (OEMS)
Coordinates statewide emergency medical services, ensuring rapid and effective medical response for individuals in emergencies.
https://www.nj.gov/health/ems/
Cancer Education and Early Detection Program (NJCEED)
Assists individuals at risk for breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancers.
Provides free or low-cost cancer screenings, education, and diagnostic services to eligible residents.
https://www.nj.gov/health/ces/public/
Catastrophic Illness in Children Relief Fund
Assists: Families facing large medical expenses for their children.
Provides: Financial assistance to cover uncovered medical costs.
https://www.state.nj.us/humanservices/cicrf/home/
State Health Insurance Assistance Program (SHIP)
Assists: Medicare beneficiaries.
Provides: Free help with Medicare questions and issues.
https://nj.gov/humanservices/doas/services/q-z/ship/
NJ Transit Reduced Fare Program
Assists: Seniors and people with disabilities.
Provides: Reduced fares on public transportation.
https://www.njtransit.com/reduced-fare-program
Lifeline Utility Assistance Program
Assists: Seniors and people with disabilities.
Provides: Assistance with utility costs.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/doas/services/l-p/lifeline-utility/
Pharmaceutical Assistance to the Aged and Disabled (PAAD)
Assists: Low-income seniors and individuals with disabilities.
Provides: Assistance with prescription drug costs.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/doas/services/l-p/paad/
Senior Gold Prescription Discount Program
Assists: Seniors and individuals with disabilities who don't qualify for PAAD.
Provides: Prescription discounts.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/doas/services/q-z/senior-gold/
NJ 2-1-1
Assists: All residents.
Provides: Information and referrals to health and human services.
NJ Self-Help Group Clearinghouse
Assists: Individuals seeking support groups.
Provides: Directory of self-help groups across various issues.
NJ Division of Aging Services (DoAS)
Assists: Older adults and their caregivers.
Provides: Access to services promoting independence and well-being.
https://www.state.nj.us/humanservices/doas/home/
NJ Division of Family Development (DFD)
Assists: Families in need.
Provides: Support services including child care and child support enforcement.
https://www.state.nj.us/humanservices/dfd/home/
NJ Division of Medical Assistance and Health Services (DMAHS)
Assists: Low-income individuals and families.
Provides: Administration of Medicaid and NJ FamilyCare programs.
https://www.state.nj.us/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ Division of Mental Health Services (DMHS)
Assists: Individuals with mental health conditions.
Provides: Access to mental health services and supports.
https://www.state.nj.us/humanservices/dmhas/home/
HIV/AIDS Drug Distribution Program
Assists: People living with HIV/AIDS.
Provides: Access to medications and related services.
https://www.nj.gov/health/hivstdtb/
NJ Hearing Aid Project
Assists: Low-income individuals with hearing loss.
Provides: Free refurbished hearing aids to those in need.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/ddhh/services/hearingaid/project/
Lifespan Respite Care Program
Assists: Family caregivers.
Provides: Temporary relief through short-term respite care.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/doas/services/q-z/srcp/
NJ FamilyCare
Medical condition: Various, including low-income individuals, children, pregnant women, aged, blind, and disabled.
Type of assistance: Provides comprehensive health coverage including doctor visits, hospital services, prescriptions, tests, vision care, mental health care, dental, nursing home care, and other healthcare services.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare Aged, Blind, Disabled (ABD) Programs
Medical condition: Aged, blind, or disabled individuals.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for people 65 and older, and those determined blind or disabled by the SSA or State of NJ.
https://www.arcnj.org/programs/health-care-advocacy/medicaid-resources.html
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Medicaid
Medical condition: Aged, blind, or disabled individuals.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for those receiving SSI benefits.
https://www.arcnj.org/programs/health-care-advocacy/medicaid-resources.html
Medicaid Only
Medical condition: Aged, blind, or disabled individuals not receiving SSI.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for those who meet Medicaid eligibility criteria but do not receive SSI.
https://www.arcnj.org/programs/health-care-advocacy/medicaid-resources.html
New Jersey Care... Special Medicaid Programs
Medical condition: Various, including individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD).
Type of assistance: Special Medicaid programs tailored for specific needs.
https://www.arcnj.org/programs/health-care-advocacy/medicaid-resources.html
NJ WorkAbility (finding employment)
Medical condition: Individuals with disabilities.
Type of assistance: Helps individuals with disabilities find and maintain employment while receiving Medicaid benefits.
https://www.arcnj.org/programs/health-care-advocacy/medicaid-resources.html
NJ WorkAbility (working individuals)
Agency: New Jersey Division of Disability Services
Assists: Individuals with disabilities who are working.
Provides: Full Medicaid coverage to those whose earnings would otherwise make them ineligible for Medicaid.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dds/programs/njworkability/
Managed Long Term Services and Supports (MLTSS)
Medical condition: Individuals needing long-term care services.
Type of assistance: Coordinates long-term care services through managed care organizations.
https://www.visitmonmouth.com/Page.aspx?Id=2694
NJ FamilyCare for Children
Medical condition: Children under 19.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for children, regardless of immigration status.
https://njfamilycare.dhs.state.nj.us
NJ FamilyCare for Pregnant Women
Medical condition: Pregnant women.
Type of assistance: Health coverage during pregnancy and postpartum period.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/clients/medicaid/
NJ FamilyCare for Parents/Caretaker Relatives
Medical condition: Parents or caretakers of children.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for parents or caretakers.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/clients/medicaid/
NJ FamilyCare for Single Adults
Medical condition: Single adults.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for single adults.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/clients/medicaid/
NJ FamilyCare for Childless Couples
Medical condition: Childless couples.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for childless couples.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/clients/medicaid/
NJ FamilyCare for the Aged
Medical condition: Individuals aged 65 and older.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for the elderly.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/clients/medicaid/
NJ FamilyCare for the Blind
Medical condition: Individuals determined blind by SSA or State of NJ.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for the blind.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/clients/medicaid/
NJ FamilyCare for the Disabled
Medical condition: Individuals determined disabled by SSA or State of NJ.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for the disabled.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/clients/medicaid/
NJ FamilyCare for Long-Term Care Services
Medical condition: Individuals qualified for long-term care services.
Type of assistance: Health coverage for long-term care needs.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/clients/medicaid/
NJ FamilyCare for Mental Health Care
Medical condition: Mental health issues.
Type of assistance: Coverage for mental health services.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for Dental Care
Medical condition: Dental health issues.
Type of assistance: Coverage for dental services.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for Vision Care
Medical condition: Vision problems.
Type of assistance: Coverage for vision services.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for Substance Use Services
Medical condition: Substance use disorders.
Type of assistance: Coverage for substance use treatment.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for Hospitalization
Medical condition: Various, requiring hospitalization.
Type of assistance: Coverage for hospital stays.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for Prescriptions
Medical condition: Various, requiring medication.
Type of assistance: Coverage for prescription drugs.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for Nursing Home Care
Medical condition: Individuals needing nursing home care.
Type of assistance: Coverage for nursing home services.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for Home and Community-Based Services
Medical condition: Individuals needing home or community-based care.
Type of assistance: Coverage for home and community-based services.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for Assisted Living
Medical condition: Individuals needing assisted living services.
Type of assistance: Coverage for assisted living facilities.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for Community Residential Services
Medical condition: Individuals needing community residential services.
Type of assistance: Coverage for community residential services.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for PACE (Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly)
Medical condition: Elderly individuals needing comprehensive care.
Type of assistance: Comprehensive care through PACE organizations.
https://www.visitmonmouth.com/Page.aspx?Id=2694
Inclusive Healthy Communities Grant Program
Agency: New Jersey Division of Disability Services
Assists: Communities.
Provides: Grants to implement inclusive health practices to improve the health and well-being of individuals with disabilities.
https://inclusivehealthycommunities.org/
NJ FamilyCare for Presumptive Eligibility (PE)
Medical condition: Various, for short-term coverage.
Type of assistance: Temporary health care coverage while applying for NJ FamilyCare.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/clients/medicaid/
NJ FamilyCare for Children with Special Health Care Needs
Medical condition: Children with special health care needs.
Type of assistance: Health coverage tailored for children with special needs.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dmahs/home/
NJ FamilyCare for Caregivers of Individuals with IDD
Medical condition: Caregivers of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Type of assistance: Support for caregivers.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
NJ FamilyCare for Addiction Recovery Support
Medical condition: Individuals with substance use disorders.
Type of assistance: Support for addiction recovery.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
NJ FamilyCare for Life-Saving Naloxone
Medical condition: Opioid overdose prevention.
Type of assistance: Free naloxone distribution.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
NJ FamilyCare for Parents, Grandparents, and Guardians
Medical condition: Support for raising healthy children.
Type of assistance: Access to resources and information.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
NJ FamilyCare for SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program)
Medical condition: Low-income individuals needing nutritional support.
Type of assistance: Food assistance.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
NJ FamilyCare for Opioid Settlement Fund
Medical condition: Opioid addiction and related issues.
Type of assistance: Funding for opioid-related programs.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
NJ FamilyCare for NJ ABLE
Medical condition: Individuals with disabilities.
Type of assistance: Savings program without losing public benefits.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
Tax-advantaged savings accounts allowing them to save for disability-related expenses without affecting eligibility for certain benefits.
https://savewithable.com/nj/home.html
NJ FamilyCare for Stephen Komninos Law
Medical condition: Developmental disabilities.
Type of assistance: Protection and support for individuals with developmental disabilities.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
NJ FamilyCare for Resources for Individuals with Disabilities
Medical condition: Various disabilities.
Type of assistance: Resources and support for individuals with disabilities.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
NJ FamilyCare for NJSave
Medical condition: Low-income seniors and individuals.
Type of assistance: Eligibility check for various savings and assistance programs.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
NJ FamilyCare for 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline
Medical condition: Mental health crises.
Type of assistance: 24/7 crisis support.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/
State Temporary Disability
Agency: New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development
Assists: Individuals who have become disabled due to non-work-related injury or illness.
Provides: Temporary disability benefits to cover lost wages during the recovery period.
https://www.nj.gov/labor/worker-protections/earnedsick/covid.shtml
Work First New Jersey
Agency: New Jersey Department of Human Services
Assists: Families with and without dependent children.
Provides: Financial aid and support services to help them become self-sufficient.
https://www.nj.gov/humanservices/dfd/programs/workfirstnj/
Child Support Services
Agency: New Jersey Department of Human Services
Assists: Custodial parents.
Provides: Assistance in obtaining financial support for their children from non-custodial parents.
https://www.njchildsupport.org/
Child Care Services
Agency: New Jersey Department of Human Services
Assists: Families in need of affordable child care.
Provides: Assistance enabling parents to work or attend training programs.
Vitória Bueno, a ballerina from Brazil, is an incredible example of strength and determination.
Born without arms because of a condition called phocomelia, she didn’t let that stop her from chasing her dreams. Instead, she learned to use her feet for things most people do with their hands, including dancing beautifully. Her amazing talent and never-give-up attitude have inspired people all over the world, showing that anything is possible if you believe in yourself and work hard.
Enjoy her performance: Vitória Bueno on Americas Got Talent
Michiel, the visionary founder of Autism Carspotting, has transformed his lifelong love for luxurious and rare cars into an inspiring journey of resilience and advocacy.
Diagnosed with autism at 16, Michiel faces challenges like dealing with loud places, crowded events, and social interactions. But instead of letting those struggles hold him back, he’s used his love for cars to connect with people and share his story.
Through Autism Carspotting, Michiel shares amazing cars and shows that having autism doesn’t stop you from achieving great things. From sitting in a Ferrari 599XX at Spa-Francorchamps to riding in a Lamborghini Aventador SV, Michiel has made a name for himself in the car world.
His big dream is to organize car events that raise awareness and support for people with autism. Michiel wants to inspire others to see that no matter the challenges, you can still follow your passions and make a difference.
Enjoy Michiel's work on Instagram: Autism Carspotting
Learn more about Michiel on his website: autism-carspotting.com
Venus Williams exemplifies what it means to rise above adversity. Diagnosed with Sjögren’s syndrome, an autoimmune disease that causes fatigue and joint pain, she faced a challenge that could have sidelined her legendary tennis career. Instead, Venus adapted, persevered, and continued to shine on the world’s biggest stages, inspiring millions with her resilience and determination.
Off the court, Venus uses her platform to advocate for health awareness and empowers others to keep fighting their battles. Her story is a powerful reminder that with grit, adaptability, and an unyielding spirit, no obstacle can dim the light of greatness.
See Venus' inspirational story here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKPn0dQJZmc
The Paralympics is a global stage celebrating the incredible achievements of athletes with disabilities. Held every two years, alternating between summer and winter, the Games bring together elite competitors from around the world to showcase their talent, dedication, and resilience. From athletics to swimming, wheelchair basketball to alpine skiing, every event is a testament to the power of the human spirit.
The Paralympics remind us that limits are meant to be pushed, barriers are meant to be broken, and inclusion is the path forward.
These athletes redefine what’s possible and inspire millions with their courage, strength, and unrelenting drive to succeed.
Enjoy these images and videos from the Paralympics:
Images: Paralympics Photos
Videos: Paralympics Videos
Future Games Schedule: Paralympics Schedule
Sofía Jirau is making history as Victoria's Secret's first model with Down syndrome, breaking barriers in the fashion industry. Born in Puerto Rico, Sofía dreamed of becoming a model and turned her aspirations into reality through hard work and an unstoppable spirit.
Her debut with Victoria’s Secret celebrates and marks a step forward for inclusivity in fashion. Sofía’s confidence, talent, and pride in her Latina roots inspire countless individuals worldwide, proving that dreams have no boundaries.
Watch Access Hollywood Reporting on Sofia Sofia Jirau - Access Hollywood
Follow Sofía on Instagram at @sofiajirau
Read more about Sofía’s story: Victoria’s Secret and Sofía Jirau